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Dikablis Glasses

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Total results: 509

Virtual eye height and display height influence visual distraction measures in simulated driving conditions

Year: 2017

Authors: P Larsson,J Engström, C Wege

Glance behaviour towards in-vehicle visual displays is likely not only a result of the design of the display itself, but also influenced by other factors such as the position of the display and characteristics of the surrounding road scene. In the current study, it was hypothesized that both display position and simulator view will affect a driver’s glance behaviour. A simulator study was conducted in which 25 participants drove in a highway scenario while performing three different tasks in a smartphone positioned at two different heights. Two different simulator views used: one corresponding to the view from the driver’s seat of a truck and the other one corresponded to the view from the driver’s seat of a car. A within-group design was used with simulator view, smartphone position, and task as factors. Results showed that type of view and display position to some extent influenced glance behaviour as well as subjective ratings of driving performance. These results may have implications for eye glance measurement procedures as well as for guidelines relating to driver distraction, e.g. that simulated road scenes must correspond to the vehicle class that the device under test is intended for.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Visual distraction effects of in-car text entry methods: Comparing keyboard, handwriting and voice recognition

Year: 2017

Authors: T Kujala,H Grahn

Three text entry methods were compared in a driving simulator study with 17 participants. Ninety-seven drivers' occlusion distance (OD) data mapped on the test routes was used as a baseline to evaluate the methods' visual distraction potential. Only the voice recognition-based text entry tasks passed the set verification criteria. Handwriting tasks were experienced as the most demanding and the voice recognition tasks as the least demanding. An individual in-car glance length preference was found, but against expectations, drivers' ODs did not correlate with in-car glance lengths or visual short-term memory capacity. The handwriting method was further studied with 24 participants with instructions and practice on writing eyes-on-road. The practice did not affect the test results. The findings suggest that handwriting could be visually less demanding than touch screen typing but the reliability of character recognition should be improved or the driver well-experienced with the method to minimize its distraction potential.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Visualization analysis of learning attention based on single-image pnp head pose estimation

Year: 2017

Authors: D Li, H Liu, W Chang, P Xu, Z Luo

Learning attention analysis of students is the important indicator of classroom teaching/learning quantitative evaluation. Owing to the fact that the head-mounted eye tracker is expensive and unsuitable to be widely used in the large-scale classroom evaluation under expenditure limitation, in this paper, we uses the PnP(Perspective-n-Point) method to estimate student's head pose for single-image. And then we achieve visualization of learning attention. Experiments demonstrate the following advantages of our method. (1) The method limits the average head-pose estimation errors under 4.88° with Biwi database. (2) This work has implemented student learning attention visualization analyses for three typical learning cases including engagement, attention, and disregard.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

Accuracy and re-test reliability of mobile eye-tracking in Parkinson’s disease and older adults

Year: 2016

Authors: S Stuart,L Alcock,A Godfrey,S Lord

Mobile eye-tracking is important for understanding the role of vision during real-world tasks in older adults (OA) and people with Parkinson's disease (PD). However, accuracy and reliability of such devices have not been established in these populations. We used a novel protocol to quantify accuracy and reliability of a mobile eye-tracker in OA and PD. A mobile eye-tracker (Dikablis) measured the saccade amplitudes of 20 OA and 14 PD on two occasions. Participants made saccades between targets placed 5°, 10° and 15° apart. Impact of visual correction (glasses) on saccadic amplitude measurement was also investigated in 10 OA. Saccade amplitude accuracy (median bias) was −1.21° but a wide range of bias (−7.73° to 5.81°) was seen in OA and PD, with large vertical saccades (15°) being least accurate. Reliability assessment showed a median difference between sessions of <1° for both groups, with poor to good relative agreement (Spearman rho: 0.14 to 0.85). Greater accuracy and reliability was observed in people without visual correction. Saccade amplitude can be measured with variable accuracy and reliability using a mobile eye-tracker in OA and PD. Human, technological and study-specific protocol factors may introduce error and are discussed along with methodological recommendations.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

10 versions available

Aging affects postural tracking of complex visual motion cues

Year: 2016

Authors: H Sotirakis,A Kyvelidou,L Mademli,N Stergiou

Postural tracking of visual motion cues improves perception–action coupling in aging, yet the nature of the visual cues to be tracked is critical for the efficacy of such a paradigm. We investigated how well healthy older (72.45 ± 4.72 years) and young (22.98 ± 2.9 years) adults can follow with their gaze and posture horizontally moving visual target cues of different degree of complexity. Participants tracked continuously for 120 s the motion of a visual target (dot) that oscillated in three different patterns: a simple periodic (simulated by a sine), a more complex (simulated by the Lorenz attractor that is deterministic displaying mathematical chaos) and an ultra-complex random (simulated by surrogating the Lorenz attractor) pattern. The degree of coupling between performance (posture and gaze) and the target motion was quantified in the spectral coherence, gain, phase and cross-approximate entropy (cross-ApEn) between signals. Sway–target coherence decreased as a function of target complexity and was lower for the older compared to the young participants when tracking the chaotic target. On the other hand, gaze–target coherence was not affected by either target complexity or age. Yet, a lower cross-ApEn value when tracking the chaotic stimulus motion revealed a more synchronous gaze–target relationship for both age groups. Results suggest limitations in online visuo-motor processing of complex motion cues and a less efficient exploitation of the body sway dynamics with age. Complex visual motion cues may provide a suitable training stimulus to improve visuo-motor integration and restore sway variability in older adults.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

14 versions available

An integrated approach of mental workload assessment

Year: 2016

Authors: M Schneider,B Deml

There are a lot of methods and instruments trying to assess mental workload reliable and independent from specific use cases or situations. Each method has its own strengths and weaknesses depending on the situation and the on individual person. Attempting to improve each approach separately would indeed allow a further context of use, but do not lead to a global reliability growth. Within this work a new approach is suggested by combining various ocular parameters adapting the individual person. The results of this study show clearly the advantages in mental workload assessment of an individual adapted set of variables in contrast to one variable trying to fit a collectivity of people. This new preparation considering six physiological ocular variables in two different contexts of use can be one step further to a more reliable and global way to assess mental workload.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

An internal focus leads to longer quiet eye durations in novice dart players

Year: 2016

Authors: S Querfurth,L Schücker, MHE De Lussanet

While the benefits of both an external focus of attention (FOA) and of a longer quiet eye (QE) duration have been well researched in a wide range of sporting activities, little is known about the interaction of these two phenomena and how a potential interaction might influence performance. It was this study’s aim to investigate the interaction and potential effect on performance by using typical FOA instructions in a dart throwing task and examining both the QE and performance outcome. The results replicate neither the benefit of an external FOA nor the benefit of a longer QE duration. However, an interaction was observed, as QE was prolonged by an earlier onset and later offset in the internal focus condition only. As the typical effect of a performance benefit due to an external focus could not be replicated, the interaction must be interpreted with caution. The results are discussed and interpreted in light of the inhibition hypothesis and possible avenues for future research are suggested.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

7 versions available

Brightness-and motion-based blink detection for head-mounted eye trackers

Year: 2016

Authors: T Appel,T Santini,E Kasneci

Blinks are an indicator for fatigue or drowsiness and can assist in the diagnose of mental disorders, such as schizophrenia. Additionally, a blink that obstructs the pupil impairs the performance of other eye-tracking algorithms, such as pupil detection, and often results in noise to the gaze estimation. In this paper, we present a blink detection algorithm that is tailored towards head-mounted eye trackers and is robust to calibration-based variations like translation or rotation of the eye. The proposed approach reached 96,35% accuracy for a realistic and challenging data set and in real-time even on low-end devices, rendering the proposed method suited for pervasive eye tracking.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

Comparison of three implementations of HeadTurn: a multimodal interaction technique with gaze and head turns

Year: 2016

Authors: O Špakov,P Isokoski,J Kangas,J Rantala

The best way to construct user interfaces for smart glasses is not yet known. We investigated the use of eye tracking in this context in two experiments. The eye and head movements were combined so that one can select the object to interact by looking at it and then change a setting in that object by turning the head horizontally. We compared three different techniques for mapping the head turn to scrolling a list of numbers with and without haptic feedback. We found that the haptic feedback had no noticeable effect in objective metrics, but it sometimes improved user experience. Direct mapping of head orientation to list position is fast and easy to understand, but the signal-to-noise ratio of eye and head position measurement limits the possible range. The technique with constant rate of change after crossing the head angle threshold was simple and functional, but slow when the rate of change is adjusted to suit beginners. Finally the rate of change dependent on the head angle tends to lead to fairly long task completion times, although in theory it offers a good combination of speed and accuracy.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

4 versions available

Distracted driving: scientific basis for risk assessments of driver’s workplaces

Year: 2016

Authors: B Gross, S Birska, M Bretschneider

At professional driver’s workplaces, mobile devices are used as telematics applications for information exchange between dispatchers and drivers. In addition to the wide-ranging benefits, it nevertheless emerges potential for new risks, such as distracting drivers. The present study is based on conditions encountered in an existing company in the passenger transport sector and is part of a consultation of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Germany to support the implementation of a risk assessment regarding the applied telematics software. In order to analyze the impact on driving performance and visual processing of the used telematics application, the study employed two driving simulation sessions (LCT, rFactor 1) and one eye-tracking session. Results indicated that the examined application may be considered tolerable in terms of the AAM criteria for In-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems.

Simulator
Software

1 version available: