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Total results: 509

The effect of multi-device design on website efficiency and user preference

Year: 2017

Authors: M Heath

Modern websites must accommodate many different devices with varying screen size without decreasing user experience or losing relevant features or content. In this thesis, three different multi-device design approaches, adaptive, responsive and mobile-dedicated, were researched on desktop, tablet and smartphone devices to ascertain whether one approach is superior to the others in terms of user preference and website simplicity and efficiency. A total of eight mock websites were created to represent the approaches on each device. The mock websites were first evaluated with an expert analysis, wherein the individual page load times and aesthetic values of the sites were calculated. Then, a user study was performed, where 10 participants performed search tasks on each mock website, evaluating each site after completing the tasks. Additionally, a semi-structured interview was conducted after each study session and eye tracking data was collected during the study to identify possible differences in gaze behavior between the mock sites. The results showed that no single approach was superior, as the results were very similar. However, it was discovered that participants disliked the mobile layout on the desktop device, even though it produced the highest efficiency. The results additionally suggested that mobile devices are preferred for their ease of use and accessibility, instead of for the layout design. Finally, a behavior where participants let their eyes rest while using the device to browse through a site was observed. Further study is suggested for the behavior, dubbed restful browsing, as it could have a strong influence on mobile web use.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

The effect of sampling rate and lowpass filters on saccades–A modeling approach (supplementary methods)

Year: 2017

Authors: DJ Mack,S Belfanti, U Schwarz

The study of eye movements has become popular in many fields of science. However, using the preprocessed output of an eye tracker without scrutiny can lead to low-quality or even erroneous data. For example, the sampling rate of the eye tracker influences saccadic peak velocity, while inadequate filters fail to suppress noise or introduce artifacts. Despite previously published guiding values, most filter choices still seem motivated by a trial-and-error approach, and a thorough analysis of filter effects is missing. Therefore, we developed a simple and easy-to-use saccade model that incorporates measured amplitude-velocity main sequences and produces saccades with a similar frequency content to real saccades. We also derived a velocity divergence measure to rate deviations between velocity profiles. In total, we simulated 155 saccades ranging from 0.5° to 60° and subjected them to different sampling rates, noise compositions, and various filter settings. The final goal was to compile a list with the best filter settings for each of these conditions. Replicating previous findings, we observed reduced peak velocities at lower sampling rates. However, this effect was highly non-linear over amplitudes and increasingly stronger for smaller saccades. Interpolating the data to a higher sampling rate significantly reduced this effect. We hope that our model and the velocity divergence measure will be used to provide a quickly accessible ground truth without the need for recording and manually labeling saccades. The comprehensive list of filters allows one to choose the correct filter for analyzing saccade data without resorting to trial-and-error methods.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

The effects of continuous driving-related feedback on drivers’ response to automation failures

Year: 2017

Authors: G Cohen

During prolonged periods of autonomous driving, drivers tend to shift their attention away from the driving task. As a result, they require more time to regain awareness of the driving situation and to react to it. This study examined the use of informative automation that during Level-3 autonomous driving provided drivers with continuous feedback regarding the vehicle’s actions and surroundings. It was hypothesized that the operation of informative automation will trigger drivers to allocate more attention to the driving task and will improve their reaction times when resuming control of the vehicle. Sixteen participants drove manual and autonomous driving segments in a driving simulator equipped with Level-3 automation. For half of the participants, the informative automation issued alerts and messages while for the other half no messages were issued (control). The number of on-road glances served as a proxy for drivers’ attention. Drivers’ performance on handling an unexpected automation failure event was measured using their time-to-brake and time-to-steer. Results showed that drivers using the informative automation made more frequent on-road glances than drivers in the control group. Yet, there were no significant differences in reaction times to the automation failure event between the groups. Explanations and implications of these results are discussed.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

6 versions available

The effects of situational demands on gaze, speech and gesture input in the vehicle

Year: 2017

Authors: F Roider,S Rümelin,B Pfleging,T Gross

Various on-the-road situations can make additional demands on the driver that go beyond the basic demands of driving. Thereby, they influence the appropriateness of in-vehicle input modalities to operate secondary tasks in the car. In this work, we assess the specific impacts of situational demands on gaze, gesture and speech input regarding driving performance, interaction efficiency and subjective ratings. An experiment with 29 participants in a driving simulator revealed significant interactions between situational demands and the input modality on secondary task completion times, perceived suitability and cognitive workload. Impairments were greatest when the situational demand addressed the same sensory channel as the used input modality. This was reflected differently in objective and subjective data depending on the used input modality. With this work, we explore the performance of natural input modalities across different situations and thereby support interaction designers that plan to integrate these modalities in automotive interaction concepts.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

4 versions available

The relationship between quiet eye and motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder

Year: 2017

Authors: H Fahimi,A Ghotbi

Introduction: Final fixation prior the initiation of movement is called quiet eye (QE). Research has shown that quiet eye components are related to high level of expertise and performance. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the quiet eye and motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlation study, 30 children at the age of 7 to 14 years were selected via multiple clustering sampling in Isfahan City, Iran. Participants performed throwing and catching tasks for 10 trials. The data were recorded by an eye-tracking device when participants performed the desired task. We used Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality of data and Pearson correlation coefficient to analyze the relationship between quiet eye and motor performance. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between catching performance and onset of quiet eye (r = -0.838, P < 0.001), significant positive correlation between catching performance and offset of quiet eye (r = 0.370, P = 0.044), and also significant positive correlation between catching performance and quiet eye duration (r = 0.849, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this study revealed that the quiet eye can be considered as a predictor of motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Towards practical driver cognitive load detection based on visual attention information

Year: 2017

Authors: CC Liu

Driving is a complex activity that requires drivers to maintain a high level of cognitive functioning. High cognitive load can impair driving performance and increase the risk of accidents. To detect cognitive load in drivers, researchers have proposed various methods, including physiological measures, vehicle-based metrics, and visual attention information. Among these, visual attention information is a promising indicator due to its non-intrusive nature and potential to provide real-time monitoring. This research aims to develop a practical approach for detecting driver cognitive load based on visual attention information. The study explores different visual attention features, such as gaze patterns, fixation duration, and saccade movements, and evaluates their effectiveness in predicting cognitive load. The findings of this research could contribute to the development of advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) that enhance road safety by monitoring and responding to drivers' cognitive states.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

Towards understanding addiction factors of mobile devices: An eye tracking study on effect of screen size

Year: 2017

Authors: S Wibirama,HA Nugroho

Mobile devices addiction has been an important research topic in cognitive science, mental health, and human-machine interaction. Previous works observed mobile device addiction by logging mobile devices activity. Although immersion has been linked as a significant predictor of video game addiction, investigation on addiction factors of mobile device with behavioral measurement has never been done before. In this research, we demonstrated the usage of eye tracking to observe effect of screen size on experience of immersion. We compared subjective judgment with eye movements analysis. Non-parametric analysis on immersion score shows that screen size affects experience of immersion (p<0.05). Furthermore, our experimental results suggest that fixational eye movements may be used as an indicator for future investigation of mobile devices addiction. Our experimental results are also useful to develop a guideline as well as intervention strategy to deal with smartphone addiction.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

Using eye tracking to examine a single word copying paradigm

Year: 2017

Authors: AE Laishley

Classroom learning, the bedrock of school education, relies heavily on written information transfer. The seemingly simple task of copying text from a board is psychologically complex and involves sequential visual and cognitive processes: visual encoding, constructing and maintaining mental representations, and written production. To date, most research in this area has focused on written production. This Thesis aimed to quantify what linguistic units copiers activated during visual encoding; whether similar units were used during encoding and production; and whether copiers whose reading ability was still developing, encoded and produced words in a similar fashion to copiers with fully developed reading ability. New mobile eyetracking technology enabled recording of eye-movement behaviour as an indicator of cognitive processing over both visual encoding and written production. In two experiments, both adults’ and children’s eye-movements were recorded as they made handwritten copies of single words presented on a classroom board. Gaze time measures showed both adults and children encoded whole word and syllable units, though this was not consistent for children processing long words. For all copiers, written production was often based on comparatively smaller units than encoding. Also, children needed more gaze lifts between the written copy and the board than adults, suggesting they relied more on piecemeal linguistic representations of subword units, perhaps because of forgetting. An additional lexical decision experiment showed how children could encode long words as whole word units, suggesting that piecemeal encoding of subword units might be restricted to a copying task, that includes additional task demands associated with mental representation and written production processes as well as visual encoding. Word copying relied on systematic linguistic units, but the size of a unit appeared to modulate its functionality differently for encoding and production, even for skilled readers. Findings guided development of a theoretical framework for the copying process.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

Validation of a behavioral approach for measuring saccades in Parkinson’s disease

Year: 2017

Authors: TH Turner, JB Renfroe

Speed and control of saccades are related to disease progression and cognitive functioning in Parkinson's disease (PD). Traditional eye-tracking complexities encumber application for individual evaluations and clinical trials. The authors examined psychometric properties of standalone tasks for reflexive prosaccade latency, volitional saccade initiation, and saccade inhibition (antisaccade) in a heterogeneous sample of 65 PD patients. Demographics had minimal impact on task performance. Thirty-day test–retest reliability estimates for behavioral tasks were acceptable and similar to traditional eye tracking. Behavioral tasks demonstrated concurrent validity with traditional eye-tracking measures; discriminant validity was less clear. Saccade initiation and inhibition discriminated PD patients with cognitive impairment. The present findings support further development and use of the behavioral tasks for assessing latency and control of saccades in PD.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

6 versions available

Vibrotactile stimulation of the head enables faster gaze gestures

Year: 2017

Authors: J Kangas,J Rantala,D Akkil,P Isokoski

Gaze gestures are a promising input technology for wearable devices especially in the smart glasses form factor because gaze gesturing is unobtrusive and leaves the hands free for other tasks. We were interested in how gaze gestures can be enhanced with vibrotactile feedback. We studied the effects of haptic feedback on the head and haptic prompting on the speed of completing gaze gestures. The vibrotactile stimulation was given to the skin of the head through actuators in a sun glass frame. The haptic feedback enabled about 10% faster gaze gestures with more consistent completion times. Longer duration of haptic prompts tended to result in longer duration of gestures. However, the magnitude of the increase was marginal. Our results can inform the design of efficient gaze gesture user interfaces and recognition algorithms.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

5 versions available