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Total results: 302

Supporting Wayfinding Through Mobile Gaze-Based Interaction

Year: 2016

Authors: I Giannopoulos

Wayfinding in unfamiliar environments often requires the use of assistance aids. Humans utilize navigation aids to make the correct spatial decisions in order to reach their destination. The main purpose of these aids is to minimize the complexity (e.g., cognitive load) of a decision, which varies according to the number of possible options to follow at a decision point, as well as based on the abilities of the wayfinder and the available environmental information that can be incorporated in a wayfinding instruction. Several wayfinding assistance aids require the user’s visual attention in order for her to obtain the provided information. The interaction with such assistance aids might increase the complexity of decision making having an impact on wayfinding performance. Furthermore, wayfinding aids that require the user’s visual attention distract her from the surrounding environment having an impact on safety as well as on spatial knowledge acquisition. The focus of this dissertation lies in the investigation of self-localization and navigation in urban environments utilizing eye tracking technology as well as in the investigation, implementation, and evaluation of gaze-based wayfinding assistance systems. The main aim was to identify problems that occur during aided wayfinding, focusing on the visual interaction with mobile devices and the environment. Through novel gaze-based interaction approaches with mobile devices and the environment, it was possible to address problems concerning visual attention switches away from the surrounding environment and provide solutions and directions for novel assistance systems that minimize the interaction with the device to a minimum, redirecting the visual attention to the surrounding environment, increasing spatial knowledge acquisition, performance as well as usability aspects.

1 version available:

The expressway traffic sign information volume threshold and AGS position based on driving behaviour

Year: 2016

Authors: Z Guo, Z Wei, H Wang

Reasonable traffic signs are important for ensuring operation safety and efficiency of expressways. The overloaded information of the traffic signs and improper distance ahead of the signs present serious problems, for they may raise the driver's visual cognition burden, reduce expressway operation efficiency and cause potential safety hazards. This paper aims at developing design criteria of traffic sign information volume and reasonable AGS positions with regard to driving behavior and traffic safety. The relationship among driving behavior, traffic sign information and AGS positions has been studied based upon driving simulation tests in this paper. The information of traffic signs is processed and quantified with the method of information entropy under the framework of information theory. According to traffic flow theory and a mathematical model of vehicle lane change, AGS positions are analyzed and reasonable positions are recommended in relation to the operation conditions on multi-lane expressways. During the simulation tests, drivers aged 20-40 with 2-10 year driving experience were invited for the tests and asked to drive along the designed expressway scenes. The driver's visual behavior was monitored with an eye tracking system and data of driving behavior and the vehicle running tracks were also collected during the simulation tests. The relationship model between traffic sign information volume, AGS position and driving behavior parameters was developed as a result of further data mining, analysis and synthesis. Eventually, a multidimensional indicator of expressway sign information volume threshold has been proposed and reasonable AGS positions on multi-lane expressways are determined.

8 versions available

Utilization of viewing aids for safe operations with excavators

Year: 2016

Authors: M Koppenborg, M Huelke, P Nickel, A Lungfiel

Camera monitor systems (CMS) and mirrors are intended to support excavator operators’ understanding of the surrounding and help prevent accidents. However, little is known about visual information acquisition of operators of large construction machinery, especially during machine movements. In this field study, utilization of viewing aids and other information sources during rotating movements of excavators was investigated by means of eye-tracking and task observation. Results show that, while CMS monitors and left mirrors were used for many rotating movements, other information sources around the machine were also attended, such as the right frontolateral area and the area around the attachment. The article discusses implications for safety and machinery design, such as positioning of viewing aids.

6 versions available

Where do older pedestrians glance before deciding to cross a simulated two-lane road? A pedestrian simulator paradigm

Year: 2016

Authors: H Tapiro,A Borowsky,T Oron

Knowing where to older pedestrians allocate their glances before deciding to cross the road can contribute to understanding the causes that lead them to make bad road crossing decisions. Research on older drivers suggest that they are over involved in crashes that involve navigation through intersections mainly because they focused on their travel path and rarely on other areas in the scene from where a hazard might appear. Yet, it is less known how older pedestrians spread their attention on their expected travel path. Eleven older participants (over 65) and ten younger adults were asked to make a road crossing decision in a simulated environment, while wearing an eye-tracker. Results exemplify significant differences between the younger and older adults; the older adults, in comparison to the younger, spent more time focusing on the central area of the scene and even less so in the last five seconds before making the crossing decision. These findings are consistent with older drivers’ behavior at intersections, suggesting that older pedestrians might be overly focused on their travel path.

7 versions available

Adding depth: establishing 3D display fundamentals for automotive applications

Year: 2015

Authors: MJ Pitts, E Hasedžić, L Skrypchuk, A Attridge

The advent of 3D displays offers Human-Machine Interface (HMI) designers and engineers new opportunities to shape the user's experience of information within the vehicle. However, the application of 3D displays to the in-vehicle environment introduces a number of new parameters that must be carefully considered in order to optimise the user experience. In addition, there is potential for 3D displays to increase driver inattention, either through diverting the driver's attention away from the road or by increasing the time taken to assimilate information. Manufacturers must therefore take great care in establishing the ‘do’s and ‘don’t's of 3D interface design for the automotive context, providing a sound basis upon which HMI designers can innovate. This paper describes the approach and findings of a three-part investigation into the use of 3D displays in the instrument cluster of a road car, the overall aim of which was to define the boundaries of the 3D HMI design space. A total of 73 participants were engaged over three studies. Findings indicate that users can identify depth more quickly and accurately when rendered in 3D, indicating potential for future applications using the depth dimension to relay information. Image quality was found to degrade with increasing parallax and indications of a fatigue effect with continued exposure were found. Finally, a relationship between minimum 3D offset, parallax position and object type was identified.

3 versions available

Air Traffic Controller working position

Year: 2015

Authors: A Maij, H Dijk

This document is prepared by the National Aerospace Laboratory NLR and contains the research study for Esterline Control & Communication Systems to study the effects of display size on operator working experience. The goal of this research is to come to an independent assessment on the difference in perceived working experience of air traffic controllers in two different controller working positions: 1. Multiple display arrangement: Regular-sized (2K x 2K) controller working position with a primary radar control screen supported by one auxiliary display (i.e. multiple display arrangement); and 2. Single display arrangement: Large screen display with both radar and auxiliary information integrated into one screen (i.e. single display arrangement). NLR performed an experimental study in which six air traffic controllers experienced working with both working positions. The experiment was performed in a simulated operational setting; i.e. NLR’s air traffic control simulator NARSIM radar. Working experience was defined by measuring operator performance aspects such as workload, (eye) fatigue, situation awareness, usability, and task performance. The study results show that the perceived ATCO working experience in a multiple display arrangement is preferred over the experience in a single display arrangement. This is supported by the situation awareness findings that show that the situation awareness was higher in the multiple display arrangement than in the single display arrangement. It is also supported by the workload findings that show the trend that the workload was perceived lower in the multiple display arrangement than in the single display arrangement.

4 versions available

Analysing people’s movement in the built environment via space syntax, objective tracking and gaze data

Year: 2015

Authors: S Eloy

In this paper we use analysis tools from Space Syntax and objective observation of the human behaviour, to understand the impact of landmarks in the walking patterns of users of spaces. Our case study was a large exterior public open space (University Campus), in which participants could walk freely and simultaneously be tracked by several sensors. We carried Space Syntax analysis for this space, and then collected Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking information and used a mobile eye-tracking device to acquire eye gaze information. The collected data allowed us to map and analyse each subject behaviour in the public space. A more specific analysis was done to four selected landmarks that, according to the Space Syntax analysis, were the ones with higher integration values. Results indicate that landmarks with such higher integration values show also a larger count of fixations and saccades of gaze interaction.

1 version available:

Analysing people’s movement in the built environment via space syntax, objective tracking and gaze data

Year: 2015

Authors: S Eloy,F Ourique,R Resende,J Dias

In this paper we use analysis tools from Space Syntax and objective observation of the human behaviour, to understand the impact of landmarks in the walking patterns of users of spaces. Our case study was a large exterior public open space (University Campus), in which participants could walk freely and simultaneously be tracked by several sensors. We carried Space Syntax analysis for this space, and then collected Global Positioning System (GPS) tracking information and used a mobile eye-tracking device to acquire eye gaze information. The collected data allowed us to map and analyse each subject behaviour in the public space. A more specific analysis was done to four selected landmarks that, according to the Space Syntax analysis, were the ones with higher integration values. Results indicate that landmarks with such higher integration values show also a larger count of fixations and saccades of gaze interaction.

8 versions available

App analytics: predicting the distraction potential of in-vehicle device applications

Year: 2015

Authors: M Krause,AS Conti, M Henning, C Seubert

Three experiments were conducted to check the feasibility of predicting experimental outcomes of driver distraction studies. The predictions are based on subtasks analysis and synthesis. In the first experiment, data (e.g., Total Glance Time, Single Glance Durations and Total Shutter Open Times) are gathered when subjects interacted with touch screen applications. In a second experiment, additional data were gathered about rotary knob interactions. These data were used to synthesis and predict the outcomes of a third (evaluation) experiment, which involved rotary knob and touch screen tasks. The results are promising and can help to have a better understanding of problematic subtasks and reduce testing of clearly unsuitable applications. The transfer of the procedure to other laboratories is challenging. The modeling and mapping process includes many subjective decisions.

4 versions available

Driver-activity recognition in the context of conditionally autonomous driving

Year: 2015

Authors: C Braunagel,E Kasneci, W Stolzmann

This paper presents a novel approach to automated recognition of the driver's activity, which is a crucial factor for determining the take-over readiness in conditionally autonomous driving scenarios. Therefore, an architecture based on head-and eye-tracking data is introduced in this study and several features are analyzed. The proposed approach is evaluated on data recorded during a driving simulator study with 73 subjects performing different secondary tasks while driving in an autonomous setting. The proposed architecture shows promising results towards in-vehicle driver-activity recognition. Furthermore, a significant improvement in the classification performance is demonstrated due to the consideration of novel features derived especially for the autonomous driving context.

6 versions available