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Total results: 393

Real-time multiple audio beamforming system

Year: 2018

Authors: J Lindqvist, M Sollenberg

The Cocktail party problem is a known problem within audiology and relates to a person’s ability to understand and separate speech from a noisy background with multiple speakers. This master’s thesis, in collaboration with Eriksholm Research Center, part of the company Oticon, developed a real-time system to help people with Hearing Impairment (HI) handle this problem by using a microphone array and a Minimum Variance Distortionless Response (MVDR) beamformer. The resulting beams yield an Articulation Index Weighted Directivity Index (AI-DI) of above 15 dB. Instead of using a single beam and removing all ambient sources, the system will let the user keep their situational awareness by using Head-Related Transfer Functions (HRTFs) and directing beams at multiple sources and merging the result with an emphasis on the desired source. With the implemented eye-steering technique, the user has the ability to choose a desired source by looking at it. Based on Short-time Objective Intelligibility (STOI) measurements, the system more than doubles the estimated speech intelligibility in situations like the Cocktail party problem. Proposed techniques for implementations of Sound Source Localization (SSL) and Simultaneous Localization and Mapping (SLAM) are included in the report, which would let the system track sources in real-time.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

Route previewing results in altered gaze behaviour, increased self-confidence and improved stepping safety in both young and older adults during adaptive …

Year: 2018

Authors: BT Curzon

Older adults with falls risk tend to look away prematurely from targets for safe foot placement to view future hazards; behaviour associated with increased anxiety and stepping inaccuracies. We aimed to determine the effectiveness of route previewing in reducing anxiety and optimizing gaze behaviour and stepping performance of younger and older adults. Nine younger and nine older adults completed six walks with three task complexities over two sessions. Each trial used either an isolated stepping target, or a target followed by either one or two obstacles. Participants with eyes closed, on hearing a signal, opened their eyes and initiated walking (go trials) or stood previewing the route for 10 s before starting (preview trials). Kinematic data were collected using a Vicon motion analysis system. Gaze behaviour was recorded using a Dikablis eye tracker. On average, both older and younger adults fixated the target for significantly longer during walking when they had previewed the route than when they had not. Self-confidence scores were also significantly higher following ‘preview trials’ than ‘go trials’. Stepping performance significantly improved following route previewing (reduced Medial lateral foot placement variability for both groups and reduced anterior/posterior foot placement error in older adults only). These findings implicate route previewing as a potential intervention to increase self-confidence and reduce the risk of tripping in older adults.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

14 versions available

Rummage search by expert dyads, novice dyads and novice individuals for objects hidden in houses

Year: 2018

Authors: CA Riggs, HJ Godwin, CM Mann, SJ Smith

Rummage search is the visual and haptic search of complex environments for targets. In this study, rummage search was explored using a novel analytic framework with expert dyads and novice dyads, as well as novice individuals. Participants sought an unknown number of targets placed in four rooms of a residential house. Some targets were plainly visible whereas others were hidden and could only be found through haptic examination. Expert dyads were very good at the task, conducting a slowed, double-checking exhaustive search, while novices both failed to fixate potential target locations and failed to carry out the appropriate action required to search those locations exhaustively. The novice dyads examined more than the novice individuals, but became more superficial in their search. We conclude that effective rummage searching is a skill enhanced by training.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator
Software

6 versions available

Saccade frequency response to visual cues during gait in Parkinson’s disease: the selective role of attention

Year: 2018

Authors: S Stuart, S Lord,B Galna

Gait impairment is a core feature of Parkinson's disease (PD) with implications for falls risk. Visual cues improve gait in PD, but the underlying mechanisms are unclear. Evidence suggests that attention and vision play an important role; however, the relative contribution from each is unclear. Measurement of visual exploration (specifically saccade frequency) during gait allows for real-time measurement of attention and vision. Understanding how visual cues influence visual exploration may allow inferences of the underlying mechanisms to response which could help to develop effective therapeutics. This study aimed to examine saccade frequency during gait in response to a visual cue in PD and older adults and investigate the roles of attention and vision in visual cue response in PD. A mobile eye-tracker measured saccade frequency during gait in 55 people with PD and 32 age-matched controls. Participants walked in a straight line with and without a visual cue (50 cm transverse lines) presented under single task and dual-task (concurrent digit span recall). Saccade frequency was reduced when walking in PD compared to controls; however, visual cues ameliorated saccadic deficit. Visual cues significantly increased saccade frequency in both PD and controls under both single task and dual-task. Attention rather than visual function was central to saccade frequency and gait response to visual cues in PD. In conclusion, this study highlights the impact of visual cues on visual exploration when walking and the important role of attention in PD. Understanding these complex features will help inform intervention development.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

12 versions available

Spatial disorientation influences on pilots’ visual scanning and flight performance

Year: 2018

Authors: WD Ledegang,EL Groen

BACKGROUND: Adequate instrument scanning is considered an important countermeasure against spatial disorientation (SD). Remarkably, literature on the relation between SD and pilots’ visual scanning is scarce. The objective of this simulator study was to investigate theinfluence of SD on pilots’ visual scanning and flight performance. METHODS: In a ground-based SD simulator, 10 novice military pilots were asked to manually fly 3 circuits. Unknowingly to the pilots, the final circuit contained one visual and four vestibular SD events. Simulatormotion, flight performance, pilots’ gaze direction, and control inputs were recorded and analyzed. Afterwards the pilots filled in a questionnaire about their recognition of events. RESULTS: Three of the five SD events significantly affected pilots’ flight performanceand gaze behavior. First, the false horizon during the cloud leans induced an unintended roll rate, 0.41 ± 0.36° · s −1 , when the pilots were looking out the window. Second, the Coriolis illusion caused a 0.44 ± 0.18 s delay in the first glance to theattitude indicator and triggered an unintended roll rate, 1.25 ± 1.33° · s −1 , and bank angle deviation of 3.4 ± 3.7° during the coordinated turn. Third, the somatogravic illusion affected pilots’ pitch inputs on the stick, but this seemsto be confounded by inaccurate simulation of the illusion. DISCUSSION: This study provides direct experimental evidence that SD can evoke inappropriate control inputs and can influence the pilots’ scanning behavior, even when SD is not recognized. We conclude that gaze trackingprovides useful feedback on the pilot’s instrument scan during SD simulator training when using appropriate scenarios and simulator motion.

Simulator
Software

7 versions available

Synchronizing eye tracking and optical motion capture: How to bring them together

Year: 2018

Authors: B Burger,A Puupponen,T Jantunen

Both eye tracking and motion capture technologies are nowadays frequently used in human sciences, although both technologies are usually used separately. However, measuring both eye and body movements simultaneously would offer great potential for investigating crossmodal interaction in human (e.g., music and language-related) behavior. Here we combined an Ergoneers Dikablis head mounted eye tracker with a Qualisys Oqus optical motion capture system. In order to synchronize the recordings of both devices, we developed a generalizable solution that does not rely on any (cost-intensive) ready-made / company-provided synchronization solution. At the beginning of each recording, the participant nods quickly while fixing on a target while keeping the eyes open - a motion yielding a sharp vertical displacement in both mocap and eye data. This displacement can be reliably detected with a peak-picking algorithm and used for accurately aligning the mocap and eye data. This method produces accurate synchronization results in the case of clean data and therefore provides an attractive alternative to costly plug-ins, as well as a solution in case ready-made synchronization solutions are unavailable.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

10 versions available

The art of pervasive eye tracking: Unconstrained eye tracking in the Austrian Gallery Belvedere

Year: 2018

Authors: T Santini,H Brinkmann, L Reitstätter,H Leder

Pervasive mobile eye tracking provides a rich data source to investigate human natural behavior, providing a high degree of ecological validity in natural environments. However, challenges and limitations intrinsic to unconstrained mobile eye tracking makes its development and usage to some extent an art. Nonetheless, researchers are pushing the boundaries of this technology to help assess museum visitors' attention not only between the exhibited works, but also within particular pieces, providing significantly more detailed insights than traditional timing-and-tracking or external observer approaches. In this paper, we present in detail the eye tracking system developed for a large scale fully-unconstrained study in the Austrian Gallery Belvedere, providing useful information for eye-tracking system designers. Furthermore, the study is described, and we report on usability and real-time performance metrics. Our results suggest that, although the system is comfortable enough, further eye tracker improvements are necessary to make it less conspicuous. Additionally, real-time accuracy already suffices for simple applications such as audio guides for the majority of users even in the absence of eye-tracker slippage compensation.

Eye Tracking Glasses

4 versions available

The effect of different types of quiet eye training on kicking skill in children with high motor proficiency

Year: 2018

Authors: M Yazdani,M Shahbazi, J Fazel

Introduction: The human uses vision to detect information about the task environment. Studies have shown that duration of quiet eye, motor performance, and efficiency in a number of tasks has improved using quiet eye training. The current study was to assess the effects of different types of quiet eye training on quiet eye and kicking skill in children with high motor proficiency. Materials and Methods: In this study, 45 boy students with high motor proficiency with age range of 7 to 10 years by performing a pretest phase, homogeneously divided in to three groups of baseline, and short-term and long-term quiet eye training. The study included pretest, acquisition, and posttest phases. In the pretest phase, the participants performed 4 soccer shots (Modified Christian Moore's Shot Test). The acquisition phase was done in 12 sessions, and 10 trials in per session. At the end of the last training session, the participants performed 4 soccer shots in the posttest phase. In each phase, visual information was recorded by the eye tracking system, and the accuracy of the soccer shot was recorded by the researcher. Data were analyzed using paired sample t-test and one-way ANOVA. Results: The different types of quiet eye training had a significant effect on accuracy of soccer shot (P = 0.001) and the duration of quiet eye (P = 0.001) of children with high motor proficiency. But there was no significant difference between each of the types of quiet eye training on the accuracy of soccer shot and the duration of quiet eye (P > 0.05 for both). Conclusion: According to the results, based on the effect of different types of quiet eye training on the quiet eye and the accuracy of shooting, it is suggested that coaches and sports teachers should pay special attention to such training in working with children with high motor proficiency.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

The effect of internal and external attention focus on quiet eye characteristics of military elite shooters

Year: 2018

Authors: A Amini,M Vaezmousavi, M Naji

Background: Quiet eye is one of the cognitive factors that it affects shooting function. The aim of present study was to examine the effects of attention focus on quiet eye characteristics in military elite shooters. Materials and methods: In this semi-experimental study, 10 elite male military shooters (30-42 years old) with at least 10 years of experience in professional shooting, were selected as available samples and performed shooting under two conditions of internal (focus on forearm, elbow angle, wrists and fingers) and external focus (focus on Seibel) in a counter balance design. In each condition, 20 trails were conducted, each lasted 20 seconds. Quiet eye characteristics were recorded by eye tracking equipment and analyzed by paired repeated measures ANOVA method. Results: Our findings showed that the quiet eye onset was earlier and quiet eye period and offset were longer under external focus of attention (p≤0.001). Conclusion: Research findings supports constraint action hypothesis and Prinz’s theory of common coding and confirmed the benefits of external focus of attention for skilled athletes and emphasized its importance on improving quiet eye characteristics. According to results of the study, it can be suggested to coaches and military shooters to improve the quiet eye characteristics by using external focus of attention instructions.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

The Effect of Quite Eye Training with Self-Control and Variable-Constant Organization on Learning and Performance of Badminton Backhand Low Service in Student …

Year: 2018

Authors: N Parvizi,M Shahbazi,S Tahmasebi

Introduction: Quiet eye had been introduced as a period of extended gaze fixation in many targeting tasks. The aim of this study was to investigate the effect of quiet eye training with self-control and constant-variable body organization on performance and learning badminton low backhand service in the student novice girls. Materials and Methods: In this quasi-experimental study, 19 girl students of physical education in University of Tehran, Iran, were selected using convenience sampling method and randomly divided into two groups of self-control (n = 9) and constant-variable (n = 10). The task intention was badminton backhand low service. In order to measure the accuracy of backhand low service, we used French short serve standard five test, and to record the visual data, Ergonear Eye Tracking test was used. The day after the pretest, participants took part in 3 sections of acquisition (8 blocks with 15 trails, a total of 360 trails), and 48 hours after the acquisition test, the test of retention and transfer was executed. The data were analyzed using Mixed ANOVA test of 2 × 4 at performance and 2 × 3 during the period of the quiet eye at a significance level of P ≥ 0.050. Results: Quiet eye duration showed a significant increase in both groups from pretest to retention (P ≥ 0.001). Therefore, it can be noted that both methods of practice had a positive effect on the quiet eye duration. However, in the accuracy performance, there was no significant different between the groups (P = 0.374) and within the groups (P = 0.890). Conclusion: It seems that the organization of constant-variable and self-control exercises has similar effects on the accuracy and quiet eye duration.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available