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Total results: 509

ERTMS pilot in the Netherlands–impact on the train driver

Year: 2017

Authors: R Van der Weide, D De Bruijn, M Zeilstra

In 2014 the Ministry of Transport decided for implementation of ERTMS (European Railway Traffic Management System) on the main corridors in Holland. A pilot with ERTMS was performed between the cities of Amsterdam and Utrecht. This paper describes effects of ERTMS on workload and human error of the train driver by comparing driving in conventional (ATB), in ERTMS with Dual Signalling and in ERTMS L2-only train protection. This was done using driving performance data, a simulator experiment, workshops and surveys.

Simulator
Software

1 version available:

Evaluating distraction of in-vehicle information systems while driving by predicting total eyes-off-road times with keystroke level modeling

Year: 2017

Authors: C Purucker,F Naujoks, A Prill, A Neukum

Increasingly complex in-vehicle information systems (IVIS) have become available in the automotive vehicle interior. To ensure usability and safety of use while driving, the distraction potential of system-associated tasks is most often analyzed during the development process, either by employing empirical or analytical methods, with both families of methods offering certain advantages and disadvantages. The present paper introduces a method that combines the predictive precision of empirical methods with the economic advantages of analytical methods. Keystroke level modeling (KLM) was extended to a task-dependent modeling procedure for total eyes-off-road times (TEORT) resulting from system use while driving and demonstrated by conducting two subsequent simulator studies. The first study involved the operation of an IVIS by N = 18 participants. The results suggest a good model fit (R2 Adj. = 0.67) for predicting the TEORT, relying on regressors from KLM and participant age. Using the parameter estimates from study 1, the predictive validity of the model was successfully tested during a second study with N = 14 participants using a version of the IVIS prototype with a revised design and task structure (r Pred.-Obs. = 0.58). Possible applications and shortcomings of the approach are discussed.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

7 versions available

Evaluating the interactive effects of responsible drinking messages and attentional bias on actual drinking behaviours

Year: 2017

Authors: D Frings, G Eskian,I Albery,T Moss

Responsible drinking messages (RDMs) are often used as a key tool to reduce alcohol related harms. Posters are a common form of RDM, displayed in places such as bars, bus stops and toilet cubicles. However, some recent research suggests RDMs may not have the desired effect of reducing levels of consumption. It is not known how environmental (e.g. the number of alcohol-related cues in a given environment) or individual difference measures (such as prior drinking behaviour and beliefs, or attentional bias towards alcohol related stimuli) influence interactions with RDMs. Nor is it known how these factors affect their efficacy. This research explored these issues by having participants view RDMs either in a bar-laboratory (i.e. a 'fake bar' inside our research facility) or a traditional psychology laboratory cubicle. The key findings of the research are: 1: That posters in general, and RDMs in particular, are poorly attended to in bar environments 2: That attentional biases towards alcohol influence the allocation of visual attention that is consciously controlled and effortful, but not visual attention that is automatic. Variations at the level of individual drinkers (such as prior drinking history or alcohol expectancies) were also associated with the direction of visual attention towards actual alcoholic drinks. This research has implications for the optimal placement of RDMs. It also highlights the sensitivity of such messages to changes in content. Theoretical implications include new questions around the relationship between attentional bias and other forms of attention, and the importance of cue saturation in understanding when attentional bias affects other cognitive and behavioural processes.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

Exploring Normative Eye Movement Patterns in Functional Tasks

Year: 2017

Authors: EB Lavoie

When interacting with an object, humans are quite effective at navigating their hand to an object, grasping it, and acting on it. The level of ease with which we do this masks the complex interplay of sensory modalities that is occurring. This study utilizes a head-mounted eye-tracker and upper-limb motion capture markers to reveal how one of these sensory modalities, vision, enables efficient object interaction. Participants completed several trials of two tasks mimicking real-world demands. The first task involved turning and grasping a pasta box from an original position outside the participant’s field of view and placing it onto two shelves before returning it to its starting location. The second task had participants move cups filled with beads four times over a partition. Both tasks show participants spend nearly the full duration of the trial fixating on objects relevant to the task, well in advance of their hand arriving at an object. As well, participants spend little time fixating on their own hand when reaching towards an object, and slightly more time, although still very little, fixating on the object in their hand when transporting it. Instead, during a grasp, participants make a saccade from the object to its drop-off location, and hold this fixation until the object is being released by the hand. Other sensory systems, likely proprioception and haptic feedback, allow participants to behave this way. When interacting with an object outside the field of view, slight changes in this behavior occur. Specifically, participants are unable to fixate on the object as far in advance of their hand, move slightly slower, and increase their maximum grip aperture. A possible explanation for these behaviours is a predictable interaction between covert and overt attention, Dorsal and Ventral Streams of visual processing, and proprioceptive and haptic feedback that allow individuals to carry out object interactions in a smooth, cyclical manner with the eyes leading the hand.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

EyeRecToo: Open-source Software for Real-time Pervasive Head-mounted Eye Tracking.

Year: 2017

Authors: T Santini,W Fuhl, D Geisler,E Kasneci

Head-mounted eye tracking offers remarkable opportunities for research and applications regarding pervasive health monitoring, mental state inference, and human computer interaction in dynamic scenarios. Although a plethora of software for the acquisition of eye-tracking data exists, they often exhibit critical issues when pervasive eye tracking is considered, e.g., closed source, costly eye tracker hardware dependencies, and requiring a human supervisor for calibration. In this paper, we introduce EyeRecToo, an open-source software for real-time pervasive head-mounted eye-tracking. Out of the box, EyeRecToo offers multiple real-time state-of-the-art pupil detection and gaze estimation methods, which can be easily replaced by user implemented algorithms if desired. A novel calibration method that allows users to calibrate the system without the assistance of a human supervisor is also integrated. Moreover, this software supports multiple head-mounted eye-tracking hardware, records eye and scene videos, and stores pupil and gaze information, which are also available as a real-time stream. Thus, EyeRecToo serves as a framework to quickly enable pervasive eye-tracking research and applications. Available at: www.ti.uni-tuebingen.de/perception.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

5 versions available

Gaze direction when driving after dark on main and residential roads: Where is the dominant location?

Year: 2017

Authors: J Winter,S Fotios,S Völker

CIE Joint Technical Committee JTC-1 has requested data regarding the size and shape of the distribution of drivers’ eye movement in order to characterize visual adaptation. This paper reports the eye movement of drivers along two routes in Berlin after dark, a main road and a residential street, captured using eye tracking. It was found that viewing behaviour differed between the two types of road. On the main road eye movement was clustered within a circle of approximately 10° diameter, centred at the horizon of the lane. On the residential street eye movement is clustered slightly (3.8°) towards the near side, eye movements were best captured with either an ellipse of approximate axes 10° vertical and 20° horizontal, centred on the lane ahead, or a 10° circle centred 3.8° towards the near side. These distributions reflect a driver’s tendency to look towards locations of anticipated hazards.

Simulator
Software

6 versions available

Inter-rater reliability of mobile eye-tracking when walking in Parkinson’s disease: contextual analysis

Year: 2017

Authors: S Stuart, D Hunt, J Nell,A Godfrey

• Tracking eye-movements when walking allows inferences to be made about underlying cognitive and visual processes that may influence gait, particularly in ageing and Parkinson’s disease (PD) where such processes are commonly impaired [1]. • Very few studies have investigated the context of eye-movements, such as the task-relevance of fixation locations. • This is largely due to current analysis requiring time-consuming manual frame-by-frame inspection of eye-tracker videos [2], which can be subjective. • There is potential for a lack of consistency between raters. Aims: 1) Modify a previously developed eye-movement objective measurement algorithm [3] to provide still images of fixation locations 2) Develop a classification method for manual fixation location analysis of mobile eye-tracking data obtained when walking 3) Assess inter-rater reliability of the proposed classification method

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

2 versions available

Menu styles of mobile devices and their influence on gaze behavior while walking

Year: 2017

Authors: J Conradi, B Nord, T Alexander

Mobile IT-devices (Smartphones, Tablet-PCs, etc.) are often used while performing other tasks in parallel, e.g. while walking. However, mobile device and environment often compete for the users’ attention. Binding too much attention on the mobile device will reduce attention on the environment. Especially in risky environments like road traffic, this might trigger substantial danger for users and third parties. Therefore, graphic user interfaces (GUIs) have to be adapted to it. Yet, lightweight mobile devices have small displays and only a limited number of objects can be displayed. Content with multiple subunits has to be arranged, e.g. by forming subcategories. Hierarchical structured menus facilitate this. In our survey, we compared the effect of different menu concepts on gaze behavior while walking. Menus containing 4–8 icons per level required the lowest number of gazes. In single interactions, the shortest visual distraction was found for the least number of objects on the screen.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

4 versions available

Patients with chronic peripheral vestibular hypofunction compared to healthy subjects exhibit differences in gaze and gait behaviour when walking on stairs and ramps

Year: 2017

Authors: J Swanenburg, E Bäbler,R Adelsberger

Objective The aim of this study was to compare gaze behaviour during stair and ramp walking between patients with chronic peripheral vestibular hypofunction and healthy human subjects. Methods Twenty four (24) patients with chronic peripheral vestibular hypofunction (14 unilateral and 10 bilateral) and 24 healthy subjects performed stair and ramp up and down walks at self-selected speed. The walks were repeated five times. A mobile eye tracker was used to record gaze behaviour (defined as time directed to pre-defined areas) and an insole measurement device assessed gait (speed, step time, step length). During each walk gaze behaviour relative to i) detection of first transition area “First TA”, ii) detection of steps of the mid-staircase area and the handrail “Structure”, iii) detection of second transition area “Second TA”, and iv) looking elsewhere “Elsewhere” was assessed and expressed as a percentage of the walk duration. For all variables, a one-way ANOVA followed by contrast tests was conducted. Results Patients looked significantly longer at the “Structure” (p<0.001) and “Elsewhere” (p<0.001) while walking upstairs compared to walking downstairs (p<0.013). Patients looked significantly longer at the “Structure” (p<0.001) and “Elsewhere” (p<0.001) while walking upstairs compared to walking downstairs (p<0.013). No differences between groups were observed for the transition areas with the exception of stair ascending. Patients were also slower going downstairs (p = 0.002) and presented with an increased step time (p = 0.003). Patients were walking faster up the ramp (p = 0.014) with longer step length (p = 0.008) compared to walking down the ramp (p = 0.050) with shorter step length (p = 0.024). Conclusions Patients with chronic peripheral vestibular hypofunction differed in time directed to pre-defined areas during stair and ramp walking and looked longer at stair and ramp areas of interest during walking compared to healthy subjects. Patients did not differ in time directed to pre-defined areas during the stair-floor transition area while going downstairs, an area where accidents may frequently occur.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

17 versions available

Posture and gaze tracking of a vertically moving target reveals age-related constraints in visuo-motor coupling

Year: 2017

Authors: H Sotirakis,A Kyvelidou,N Stergiou,V Hatzitaki

Previously we have demonstrated that the effect of aging on posture and gaze active tracking of a visual target moving in the horizontal direction is dependent on target’s complexity. In this study, we asked whether a similar phenomenon is present when tracking a visual target moving with varying complexity in the vertical direction. Ten young (22.98 ± 2.9 years) and 10 older adults (72.45 ± 4.72 years) tracked for 120 s, a visual target moving vertically by shifting their bodyweight in the anterior-posterior direction. Three target motions were tested: a simple periodic (sine wave), a more complex (Lorenz attractor) and an ultra-complex random (Surrogated Lorenz attractor) pattern. Cross-spectral analysis revealed lower sway-target coherence as a function of age, regardless of target motion’s complexity. This age effect was significant for the sway-target gain but not for the phase index. Gaze-target analysis revealed age related differences only when tracking the more complex targets. Regardless of age, tracking of the complex target was associated with lower cross Approximate Entropy. It is concluded that tracking of visual targets oscillating in the vertical direction reveals age related constraints that are independent of visual motion’s complexity. These constraints are evident in the spatial and not temporal aspects of visuo-motor coupling, which suggests the presence of neuromuscular deficiencies in controlling visually guided postural sway in the anterior-posterior direction.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

10 versions available