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Total results: 276

Driver Demand: Eye Glance Measures

Year: 2016

Authors: S Seaman, L Hsieh, R Young

This study investigated driver glances while engaging in infotainment tasks in a stationary vehicle while surrogate driving: watching a driving video recorded from a driver’s viewpoint and projected on a large screen, performing a lane-tracking task, and performing the Tactile Detection Response Task (TDRT) to measure attentional effects of secondary tasks on event detection and response. Twenty-four participants were seated in a 2014 Toyota Corolla production vehicle with the navigation system option. They performed the lane-tracking task using the vehicle’s steering wheel, fitted with a laser pointer to indicate wheel movement on the driving video. Participants simultaneously performed the TDRT and a variety of infotainment tasks, including Manual and Mixed-Mode versions of Destination Entry and Cancel, Contact Dialing, Radio Tuning, Radio Preset selection, and other Manual tasks. Participants also completed the 0-and 1-Back pure auditory-vocal tasks. Glances were recorded using an eye-tracker, and validated by manual inspection. Glances were classified as on-road (i.e., looking through the windshield) or off-road (i.e., to locations other than through the windshield). Three off-road glance metrics were tabulated and scored using the NHTSA Guidelines methods: Mean Single Glance Duration (MSGD), Total Eyes-Off-Road Time (TEORT), and Long Glance Proportion (LGP). Comparisons were made for these metric values between the task conditions and a 30-s Baseline condition with no task. Mixed-Mode tasks did not have a statistically significant longer MSGD or TEORT, or higher LGP, than Baseline (except for Mixed-Mode Destination Entry), whereas all the Manual tasks did. Mixed-Mode tasks improved compliance with the NHTSA Guidelines.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

EOG-based head-mounted eye tracking with 1 kHz sampling rate

Year: 2016

Authors: DJ Mack, P Schönle,T Burger, Q Huang,S Fateh

Prerequisites for an out-of-lab eye tracker - Head-mounted, including scene camera, data - acquisition & power supply - Wireless data transmission to mobile computer - for preview & storage - Lightweight With one exception, all out-of-lab eye trackers are based on VOG, mainly operating at a low sampling rate of 60 Hz (Fig.1B). For fast eye movements (saccades), peak velocity is an important property, indicating fatigue and relying on the proper functioning of the brainstem. Unfortunately, measured peak velocity significantly drops at sampling rates below 240 Hz (Fig.1C).

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Experimental evaluation of the controllability of interacting advanced driver assistance systems

Year: 2016

Authors: O Schädler,S Müller, M Gründl

A method for the experimental evaluation of the controllability of interacting advanced driver assistance systems (ADAS) is presented at the beginning of this paper. Here, driving situations where particular ADAS are acting within, at or beyond their system limits or during and after system failures have been implemented into a static driving simulator. According to the recommendation of the Code of Practice (CoP) each situation has been assessed to select three critical driving situations. The second part of the paper describes two driving simulator studies to evaluate the controllability of four interacting ADAS (Automatic Emergency Brake Assist (AEB), Adaptive Cruise Control (ACC), Lane Keeping Assist (LKA) and Lane Change Decision Aid System (LCDAS)) in critical driving situations. Each study is based on a within-subjects design. In these studies, each participant was driving each of the three scenarios ('Stationary Obstacle Avoidance', 'Braking Object Vehicle' and 'Three-Lane Motorway') without and with ADAS. The recorded physical and physiological data and the subjective perceptions of the participants were analysed. One of the findings was e.g., that some drivers became confused when ACC was braking while LKA overlaid a steering torque during a system failure (3 Nm steering torque ramp) in the scenario 'Three-Lane Motorway'. It could also be shown that accidents have happened during an evasive manoeuvre where ACC has accelerated and LKA had a overlaying steering torque. Based on the results of the study, functional improvements which might enhance the interaction of ADAS have been derived and are presented in this paper. These improvements have been tested and evaluated in a second replication driver simulator study. The results of this study show an improvement of the controllability when the vehicle in front is detected earlier. It also confirms that an unexpected braking and warning of an Adaptive Cruise Control and an overlay of a steering moment lead to an uncontrollable behaviour.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

3 versions available

Interaction dialog design for the use of mobile devices while walking

Year: 2016

Authors: J Conradi, B Nord, T Alexander

A study was carried out to determine an optimal solution for presenting multiple interaction options on the limited space of a mobile device, e.g., a smartphone, taking into account the special situation of walking. We compared three different hierarchy models and a complex interaction editor which combines all the required interaction alternatives in one screen. Slow versus fast walking on a treadmill was introduced as an additional mobility condition. The results showed that menus with a hierarchy breadth of 4 or 8 to be suit best for walking. Flat hierarchies required longer time on task and led to fewer gaze changes per single interaction. The complex interaction editor triggered a high error count and a high task load level and therefore should be avoided while walking.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator
Software

5 versions available

Keep your scanners peeled: Gaze behavior as a measure of automation trust during highly automated driving

Year: 2016

Authors: S Hergeth, L Lorenz, R Vilimek,JF Krems

Objective: The feasibility of measuring drivers’ automation trust via gaze behavior during highly automated driving was assessed with eye tracking and validated with self-reported automation trust in a driving simulator study. Background: Earlier research from other domains indicates that drivers’ automation trust might be inferred from gaze behavior, such as monitoring frequency. Method: The gaze behavior and self-reported automation trust of 35 participants attending to a visually demanding non-driving-related task (NDRT) during highly automated driving was evaluated. The relationship between dispositional, situational, and learned automation trust with gaze behavior was compared. Results: Overall, there was a consistent relationship between drivers’ automation trust and gaze behavior. Participants reporting higher automation trust tended to monitor the automation less frequently. Further analyses revealed that higher automation trust was associated with lower monitoring frequency of the automation during NDRTs, and an increase in trust over the experimental session was connected with a decrease in monitoring frequency. Conclusion: We suggest that (a) the current results indicate a negative relationship between drivers’ self-reported automation trust and monitoring frequency, (b) gaze behavior provides a more direct measure of automation trust than other behavioral measures, and (c) with further refinement, drivers’ automation trust during highly automated driving might be inferred from gaze behavior. Application: Potential applications of this research include the estimation of drivers’ automation trust and reliance during highly automated driving.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

8 versions available

NaviLight: investigating ambient light displays for turn-by-turn navigation in cars

Year: 2016

Authors: A Matviienko,A Löcken,A El Ali,W Heuten

Car navigation systems typically combine multiple output modalities; for example, GPS-based navigation aids show a real-time map, or feature spoken prompts indicating upcoming maneuvers. However, the drawback of graphical navigation displays is that drivers have to explicitly glance at them, which can distract from a situation on the road. To decrease driver distraction while driving with a navigation system, we explore the use of ambient light as a navigation aid in the car, in order to shift navigation aids to the periphery of human attention. We investigated this by conducting studies in a driving simulator, where we found that drivers spent significantly less time glancing at the ambient light navigation aid than on a GUI navigation display. Moreover, ambient light-based navigation was perceived to be easy to use and understand, and preferred over traditional GUI navigation displays. We discuss the implications of these outcomes on automotive personal navigation devices.

Simulator
Software

9 versions available

On the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance

Year: 2016

Authors: T Kujala,H Grahn, J Mäkelä, A Lasch

This is the first controlled quantitative analysis on the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance in simulated, but ecologically realistic driving scenarios with dynamic maneuvers and self-controlled speed (N = 24). The audio-visual route guidance system under testing passed the set verification criteria, which was based on drivers' preferred occlusion distances on the test routes. There were no significant effects of an upcoming maneuver instruction location (up, down) on the in-car display on any metric or on the experienced workload. The drivers' median occlusion distances correlated significantly with median in-car glance distances. There was no correlation between drivers' median occlusion distance and intolerance of uncertainty but significant inverse correlations between occlusion distances and age as well as driving experience were found. The findings suggest that the visual distraction effects of audio-visual route guidance are low and provide general support for the proposed testing method.

Simulator
Software

2 versions available

Speech feedback reduces driver distraction caused by in-vehicle visual interfaces

Year: 2016

Authors: P Larsson

Driver distraction and inattention are the main causes of accidents today and one way for vehicle manufacturers to address this problem may be to replace or complement visual information in in-vehicle interfaces with auditory displays. In this paper, we address the specific problem of giving text input to an interface while driving. We test whether the handwriting input method, which previously has been shown to be promising in terms of reducing distraction, can be further improved by adding speech feedback. A driving simulator study was carried out in which 11 persons, (3 female) drove in two different scenarios (curvy road and straight motorway) while performing three different handwriting text input tasks. Glance behavior was measured using a head mounted eyetracker, and subjective responses were also acquired. ANOVA Analysis revealed that speech feedback resulted in less distraction as measured by total glance time compared to the baseline condition (no speech). There were however also interaction effects which indicated that the positive effect of speech feedback were not as prominent for the curvy road scenario. Post-experiment interviews nonetheless showed that the participants felt as if the speech feedback made the text input task safer, and also that they preferred speech feedback over no speech.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

1 version available:

The expressway traffic sign information volume threshold and AGS position based on driving behaviour

Year: 2016

Authors: Z Guo, Z Wei, H Wang

Reasonable traffic signs are important for ensuring operation safety and efficiency of expressways. The overloaded information of the traffic signs and improper distance ahead of the signs present serious problems, for they may raise the driver's visual cognition burden, reduce expressway operation efficiency and cause potential safety hazards. This paper aims at developing design criteria of traffic sign information volume and reasonable AGS positions with regard to driving behavior and traffic safety. The relationship among driving behavior, traffic sign information and AGS positions has been studied based upon driving simulation tests in this paper. The information of traffic signs is processed and quantified with the method of information entropy under the framework of information theory. According to traffic flow theory and a mathematical model of vehicle lane change, AGS positions are analyzed and reasonable positions are recommended in relation to the operation conditions on multi-lane expressways. During the simulation tests, drivers aged 20-40 with 2-10 year driving experience were invited for the tests and asked to drive along the designed expressway scenes. The driver's visual behavior was monitored with an eye tracking system and data of driving behavior and the vehicle running tracks were also collected during the simulation tests. The relationship model between traffic sign information volume, AGS position and driving behavior parameters was developed as a result of further data mining, analysis and synthesis. Eventually, a multidimensional indicator of expressway sign information volume threshold has been proposed and reasonable AGS positions on multi-lane expressways are determined.

Simulator
Software

8 versions available

Utilization of viewing aids for safe operations with excavators

Year: 2016

Authors: M Koppenborg, M Huelke, P Nickel, A Lungfiel

Camera monitor systems (CMS) and mirrors are intended to support excavator operators’ understanding of the surrounding and help prevent accidents. However, little is known about visual information acquisition of operators of large construction machinery, especially during machine movements. In this field study, utilization of viewing aids and other information sources during rotating movements of excavators was investigated by means of eye-tracking and task observation. Results show that, while CMS monitors and left mirrors were used for many rotating movements, other information sources around the machine were also attended, such as the right frontolateral area and the area around the attachment. The article discusses implications for safety and machinery design, such as positioning of viewing aids.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

6 versions available