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Total results: 276

The effects of continuous driving-related feedback on drivers’ response to automation failures

Year: 2017

Authors: G Cohen

During prolonged periods of autonomous driving, drivers tend to shift their attention away from the driving task. As a result, they require more time to regain awareness of the driving situation and to react to it. This study examined the use of informative automation that during Level-3 autonomous driving provided drivers with continuous feedback regarding the vehicle’s actions and surroundings. It was hypothesized that the operation of informative automation will trigger drivers to allocate more attention to the driving task and will improve their reaction times when resuming control of the vehicle. Sixteen participants drove manual and autonomous driving segments in a driving simulator equipped with Level-3 automation. For half of the participants, the informative automation issued alerts and messages while for the other half no messages were issued (control). The number of on-road glances served as a proxy for drivers’ attention. Drivers’ performance on handling an unexpected automation failure event was measured using their time-to-brake and time-to-steer. Results showed that drivers using the informative automation made more frequent on-road glances than drivers in the control group. Yet, there were no significant differences in reaction times to the automation failure event between the groups. Explanations and implications of these results are discussed.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

6 versions available

The effects of situational demands on gaze, speech and gesture input in the vehicle

Year: 2017

Authors: F Roider,S Rümelin,B Pfleging,T Gross

Various on-the-road situations can make additional demands on the driver that go beyond the basic demands of driving. Thereby, they influence the appropriateness of in-vehicle input modalities to operate secondary tasks in the car. In this work, we assess the specific impacts of situational demands on gaze, gesture and speech input regarding driving performance, interaction efficiency and subjective ratings. An experiment with 29 participants in a driving simulator revealed significant interactions between situational demands and the input modality on secondary task completion times, perceived suitability and cognitive workload. Impairments were greatest when the situational demand addressed the same sensory channel as the used input modality. This was reflected differently in objective and subjective data depending on the used input modality. With this work, we explore the performance of natural input modalities across different situations and thereby support interaction designers that plan to integrate these modalities in automotive interaction concepts.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

4 versions available

The relationship between quiet eye and motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder

Year: 2017

Authors: H Fahimi,A Ghotbi

Introduction: Final fixation prior the initiation of movement is called quiet eye (QE). Research has shown that quiet eye components are related to high level of expertise and performance. The purpose of the study was to examine the relationship between the quiet eye and motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder. Materials and Methods: In this descriptive-correlation study, 30 children at the age of 7 to 14 years were selected via multiple clustering sampling in Isfahan City, Iran. Participants performed throwing and catching tasks for 10 trials. The data were recorded by an eye-tracking device when participants performed the desired task. We used Shapiro-Wilk test to determine the normality of data and Pearson correlation coefficient to analyze the relationship between quiet eye and motor performance. Results: There was a significant negative correlation between catching performance and onset of quiet eye (r = -0.838, P < 0.001), significant positive correlation between catching performance and offset of quiet eye (r = 0.370, P = 0.044), and also significant positive correlation between catching performance and quiet eye duration (r = 0.849, P < 0.001). Conclusion: The result of this study revealed that the quiet eye can be considered as a predictor of motor performance in children with developmental coordination disorder.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Virtual eye height and display height influence visual distraction measures in simulated driving conditions

Year: 2017

Authors: P Larsson,J Engström, C Wege

Glance behaviour towards in-vehicle visual displays is likely not only a result of the design of the display itself, but also influenced by other factors such as the position of the display and characteristics of the surrounding road scene. In the current study, it was hypothesized that both display position and simulator view will affect a driver’s glance behaviour. A simulator study was conducted in which 25 participants drove in a highway scenario while performing three different tasks in a smartphone positioned at two different heights. Two different simulator views used: one corresponding to the view from the driver’s seat of a truck and the other one corresponded to the view from the driver’s seat of a car. A within-group design was used with simulator view, smartphone position, and task as factors. Results showed that type of view and display position to some extent influenced glance behaviour as well as subjective ratings of driving performance. These results may have implications for eye glance measurement procedures as well as for guidelines relating to driver distraction, e.g. that simulated road scenes must correspond to the vehicle class that the device under test is intended for.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Visual distraction effects of in-car text entry methods: Comparing keyboard, handwriting and voice recognition

Year: 2017

Authors: T Kujala,H Grahn

Three text entry methods were compared in a driving simulator study with 17 participants. Ninety-seven drivers' occlusion distance (OD) data mapped on the test routes was used as a baseline to evaluate the methods' visual distraction potential. Only the voice recognition-based text entry tasks passed the set verification criteria. Handwriting tasks were experienced as the most demanding and the voice recognition tasks as the least demanding. An individual in-car glance length preference was found, but against expectations, drivers' ODs did not correlate with in-car glance lengths or visual short-term memory capacity. The handwriting method was further studied with 24 participants with instructions and practice on writing eyes-on-road. The practice did not affect the test results. The findings suggest that handwriting could be visually less demanding than touch screen typing but the reliability of character recognition should be improved or the driver well-experienced with the method to minimize its distraction potential.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

2 versions available

Visual dominance in pilots during recovery from upset

Year: 2017

Authors: T Schnell, C Reuter,M Cover

We conducted an unusual attitude recovery flight test in an instrumented L-29 fighter jet trainer owned by the Operator Performance Laboratory (OPL) using commercial airline first-officer participants who had not yet achieved the rank of captain on any aircraft, who had no military flight training background, and who have not had any acrobatic training in the flight background. Two test spirals were conducted with 15 participants serving in Spiral 1 and 12 participants serving in Spiral 2. Spiral 1 was a screening study and is not discussed in this paper. We investigated if Synthetic Vision Systems (SVS) could enhance the pilot's ability to recognize and recover from unusual attitude (uA) conditions compared to present-day Electronic Flight Information Systems (EFIS). Additionally, we investigated the effect of display field of view (FOV, 12 degrees and 30 degrees) and if recoveries with SVS over open water caused any problems in the recognition of the aircraft attitude. The evaluation pilot (EP) participants were seated in the rear crew station of the L-29 which had electronic displays that showed the test symbology. The canopy had a view limiting device which eliminated any and all view to the outside world. Carefully designed unusual attitude entry conditions were developed for this flight test and administered by the safety pilot (SP) while the EP had their eyes closed and their hands on their laps. On the command of the SP, the EPs opened their eyes and recovered from the unusual attitude (90 degrees angle of bank, 40 degrees nose low). The results indicate that the response time (time from opening the eyes to making first input) were statistically significantly (F 1,104=4.14, p=0.044) longer in the SVS display condition when the wide FOV was used. We determined that some of the lake features on SVS caused confusion with the sky, thus resulting in longer response times. However, while the response times were longer with the wide FOV SVS, the recovery times were statistically significantly shorter (F 1,105=4.06, p=0.046) and the SVS-Wide display condition overall produced less altitude loss (2,531 ft) when compared to all other conditions on average (2,722 ft). This flight test investigated many aspects of recovery with standard EFIS and SVS in real flight conditions using an acrobatic capable aircraft and significant unusual attitude entry conditions. Recommendations are made with regard to managing the depiction of water features on SVS. Flight technically, recoveries were better with wide FOV SVS than with narrow FOV SVS or standard EFIS. Subjectively, EPs clearly preferred the wide FOV SVS.

Simulator
Software

2 versions available

Angle of attack visualization: a proposal for a tangible interactive in-flight loss of control recovery system

Year: 2016

Authors: N Kasdaglis

Abstract: Angle of Attack Visualization: A Proposal for a Tangible Interactive In-flight Loss of Control Recovery System by Nicholas Kasdaglis. Loss of control inflight (LOC-I) is the leading cause of fatalities in aviation accidents. A tangible interactive system that provides real-time angle of attack (AOA) visualization could enhance pilot situational awareness and improve recovery techniques during LOC-I events.

Simulator
Software

2 versions available

Assisting drivers with ambient take-over requests in highly automated driving

Year: 2016

Authors: SS Borojeni,L Chuang,W Heuten,S Boll

Take-over situations in highly automated driving occur when drivers have to take over vehicle control due to automation shortcomings. Due to high visual processing demand of the driving task and time limitation of a take-over maneuver, appropriate user interface designs for take-over requests (TOR) are needed. In this paper, we propose applying ambient TORs, which address the peripheral vision of a driver. Conducting an experiment in a driving simulator, we tested a) ambient displays as TORs, b) whether contextual information could be conveyed through ambient TORs, and c) if the presentation pattern (static, moving) of the contextual TORs has an effect on take-over behavior. Results showed that conveying contextual information through ambient displays led to shorter reaction times and longer times to collision without increasing the workload. The presentation pattern however, did not have an effect on take-over performance.

Simulator
Software

6 versions available

Digital Technologies in Architecture and Engineering: Exploring an engaged interaction within curricula

Year: 2016

Authors: S Eloy,MS Dias,PF Lopes,E Vilar

This chapter focuses on the development and adoption of new Multimedia, Computer Aided Design, and other ICT technologies for both Architecture and Computer Science curricula and highlights the multidisciplinary work that can be accomplished when these two areas work together. The authors describe in detail the addressed educational skills and the related developed research and highlight the contributions towards the improvements of teaching and learning in those areas. This chapter discusses the role of digital technologies, such as Virtual Reality, Augmented Reality, Multimedia, 3D Modelling software systems, Design Processes and its evaluation tools, such as Shape Grammar and Space Syntax, within the Architecture curricula.

Simulator
Software

9 versions available

Distracted driving: scientific basis for risk assessments of driver’s workplaces

Year: 2016

Authors: B Gross, S Birska, M Bretschneider

At professional driver’s workplaces, mobile devices are used as telematics applications for information exchange between dispatchers and drivers. In addition to the wide-ranging benefits, it nevertheless emerges potential for new risks, such as distracting drivers. The present study is based on conditions encountered in an existing company in the passenger transport sector and is part of a consultation of the Institute for Occupational Safety and Health, Germany to support the implementation of a risk assessment regarding the applied telematics software. In order to analyze the impact on driving performance and visual processing of the used telematics application, the study employed two driving simulation sessions (LCT, rFactor 1) and one eye-tracking session. Results indicated that the examined application may be considered tolerable in terms of the AAM criteria for In-Vehicle Information and Communication Systems.

Simulator
Software

1 version available: