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Head-mounted eye tracker videos and raw data collected during breathing recognition attempts in in simulated cardiac arrest

This paper presents data collected by Pedrotti et al. (2022, 2024) [1][2], which includes videos captured using a Dikablis head-mounted eye tracker (Ergoneers GmbH, Germany), along with the corresponding raw data. The data collection aimed to assess participants' ability to recognize breathing in a simulated cardiac arrest scenario. Equipped with the eye tracker, participants entered a room where a manikin was positioned on the floor. Their task was to determine if the manikin was breathing and respond accordingly, such as initiating cardiopulmonary resuscitation if the victim was not breathing. Our analysis focused on examining looking time on the manikin's thorax by inspecting the videos. Potential applications of the dataset [3] include identifying fixation and saccades using custom algorithms, analyzing pupil diameter data, and conducting secondary analyses involving participant characteristics like age and gender as independent variables.

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Image-Analysis-Based Method for Exploring Factors Influencing the Visual Saliency of Signage in Metro Stations

Many studies have been conducted on the effects of colour, light, and signage location on the visual saliency of underground signage. However, few studies have investigated the influence of indoor visual environments on the saliency of pedestrian signage. To explore the factors that influence the visual saliency of signage in metro stations, we developed a novel analysis method using a combination of saliency and focus maps. Then, questionnaires were utilised to unify the various formats of results from the saliency and focus maps. The factors that influence the visual saliency of signage were explored using the proposed method at selected sites and validated through virtual reality experiments. Additionally, this study proposes an image-analysis-based method that reveals the multilevel factors affecting pedestrian attention to signage in underground metro stations, including spatial interfaces, crowd flow, and ambient light. The results indicate that crowd flow has the greatest impact on pedestrian attention to signage. The findings of this study are expected to improve the wayfinding efficiency of pedestrians and assist designers in producing high-quality metro experiences.

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Inducing visual attention through audiovisual stimuli: Can synchronous sound be a salient event?

We present an experimental research aiming to explore how spatial attention may be biased through auditory stimuli. In particular, we investigate how synchronous sound and image may affect attention and increase the saliency of the audiovisual event. We have designed and implemented an experimental study where subjects, wearing an eye-tracking system, were examined regarding their gaze toward the audiovisual stimuli being displayed. The audiovisual stimuli were specifically tailored for this experiment, consisting of videos contrasting in terms of Synch Points (i.e., moments where a visual event is associated with a visible trigger movement, synchronous with its correspondent sound). While consistency across audiovisual sensory modalities revealed to be an attention-drawing feature, when combined with synchrony, it clearly emphasized the biasing, triggering orienting, that is, focal attention towards the particular scene that contains the Synch Point. Consequently, results revealed synchrony to be a saliency factor, contributing to the strengthening of the focal attention. In today's increasingly complex multimedia landscape, the interaction between auditory and visual stimuli plays a pivotal role in shaping our perception and directing our attention. Within the context of the research on multisensory attention, this study endeavors to explore the intricate dynamics of attentional allocation concerning audiovisual stimuli, specifically focusing on the impact of synchronized auditory and visual cues on capturing and directing attention.

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Knowing me, knowing you—A study on top-down requirements for compensatory scanning in drivers with homonymous visual field loss

Objective It is currently still unknown why some drivers with visual field loss can compensate well for their visual impairment while others adopt ineffective strategies. This paper contributes to the methodological investigation of the associated top-down mechanisms and aims at validating a theoretical model on the requirements for successful compensation among drivers with homonymous visual field loss. Methods A driving simulator study was conducted with eight participants with homonymous visual field loss and eight participants with normal vision. Participants drove through an urban surrounding and experienced a baseline scenario and scenarios with visual precursors indicating increased likelihoods of crossing hazards. Novel measures for the assessment of the mental model of their visual abilities, the mental model of the driving scene and the perceived attention demand were developed and used to investigate the top-down mechanisms behind attention allocation and hazard avoidance. Results Participants with an overestimation of their visual field size tended to prioritize their seeing side over their blind side both in subjective and objective measures. The mental model of the driving scene showed close relations to the subjective and actual attention allocation. While participants with homonymous visual field loss were less anticipatory in their usage of the visual precursors and showed poorer performances compared to participants with normal vision, the results indicate a stronger reliance on top-down mechanism for drivers with visual impairments. A subjective focus on the seeing side or on near peripheries more frequently led to bad performances in terms of collisions with crossing cyclists. Conclusion The study yielded promising indicators for the potential of novel measures to elucidate top-down mechanisms in drivers with homonymous visual field loss. Furthermore, the results largely support the model of requirements for successful compensatory scanning. The findings highlight the importance of individualized interventions and driver assistance systems tailored to address these mechanisms.

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Mediational Affordances at a Science Centre Gallery: An Exploratory and Small Study Using Eye Tracking and Interviews

Science centres are informal learning spaces embedded with artefacts embodying mediational affordances. This exploratory and small-scale mixed methods study juxtaposes eye-tracking technologies and qualitative interviews to examine how visitors to a gallery navigated this space and interacted with different artefacts. A total of 15 visitors to the science centre gallery, Energy Story, participated in the study. The findings revealed inconclusive results about the directionality of their navigation. The mediational affordances of the artefacts, as interpreted from the interactive elements and interaction of the visitors and interviews, suggested that it was better to distribute the mediational affordances across a few artefacts in an exhibit rather than have one artefact embody several affordances. The concept of “mediational threshold” was suggested as a topic for future study. The findings contributed to the academic literature on eye-tracking studies at science centres. They also provided ideas for science centre curators and teachers who bring students with diverse learning needs to this mediational space.

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Online Multimodal End-of-Turn Prediction for Three-party Conversations

Predicting end-of-turn in multiparty conversations is crucial to increase the usability and natural flow of spoken dialogue systems, offering substantial enhancements to conversational agents. We present a novel window-based method to predict end-of-turn moments in real-time in multiparty conversations, by leveraging the capabilities of cutting-edge pre-trained language models (PLMs) and recurrent neural networks (RNN). Our method fuses the distilBERT language model with a Gated Recurrent Unit (GRU) to accurately predict end-of-turn points in an online fashion. Our approach can significantly outperform conventional Inter-Pausal Unit (IPU)-based prediction methods that often overlook the nuances of overlap and interruption during dynamic conversations. Potential applications of this study are significant, particularly in the domains of virtual agents and human-robot interactions. Our accurate online end-of-turn prediction model can be facilitated to enhance the user experience in these applications, making them more natural and seamlessly integrated into real-world conversations.

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Pistol: Pupil invisible supportive tool in the wild

This paper is an in the wild evaluation of the eye tracking tool Pistol. Pistol supports Pupil Invisible projects and other eye trackers (Dikablis, Emke GmbH, Look, Pupil, and many more) in offline mode. For all eye tracking recordings, Pistol is able to compute pupil and iris ellipse, eye aperture, eye lids, 3D eye ball, optical vector estimation, and eye movement types. For Pupil Invisible projects, it also supports the detection of a special marker and allows the 2D and 3D gaze estimation mapped on the scene camera. In this extended journal paper for Pistol we focus on challenging in the wild situations, such as reflections on glasses, eye tracking during sport, changing lighting conditions, and this for two eye trackers. The tool Pistol can be downloaded here Link

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Quantitative Analysis of Physiological and Psychological Impacts of Visual and Auditory Elements in Wuyishan National Park Using Eye-Tracking

Amidst rapid societal changes and increasing urbanization, human connectivity with nature has declined, exacerbating public health concerns. This study assesses the efficacy of Shinrin-yoku, or ‘forest bathing’, in Wuyishan National Park as a simple and effective method to counteract the adverse health effects of contemporary lifestyles. Employing repeated-measures analysis of variance, forty-one participants were observed over three days across eight distinct forest settings. Techniques included eye-tracking for visual attention and soundscape perception assessments via questionnaires. Physiological responses were gauged through heart rate variability and skin conductance, while psychological evaluations utilized the Profile of Mood States (POMS) and Positive and Negative Affect Schedule (PANAS). Findings revealed that (1) natural soundscapes—especially birdsong, flowing water, wind, and bamboo raft sounds—and visual elements, such as distant mountains, streams, trees, Danxia landforms, tea gardens, and bamboo views, play pivotal roles in regulating heart rate variability, reducing arousal, and enhancing stress adaptation. Additionally, cultural landscapes, such as classical music and ancient structures, bolster parasympathetic activity. (2) Natural and cultural auditory stimuli, including flowing water and classical music, coupled with visual features, such as Danxia landforms, streams, distant mountains, lawns, and guide signs, effectively induce positive mood states, regulate mood disturbances, and enhance psychological well-being across diverse forest settings. These findings underscore the significant health benefits of immersive natural experiences and advocate for integrating forest-based wellness programs into public health strategies, offering compelling evidence for enriching life quality through nature engagement.

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Recognition of marine navigators’ workload based on eye movement features using bridge simulation

The human factor accounts for 80% of marine traffic accidents, either directly or indirectly. Workload significantly impacts the reliability of marine navigators’ behavior. Employing eye movement measurement as an objective assessment tool can effectively evaluate seafarers’ workload. This study conducts bridge simulation experiments to analyze eye movement features and investigate marine navigators’ workload levels across different tasks. By categorizing marine navigators’ workload into high and low levels based on specific navigation duties, the study employs an independent sample T-test to select blink frequency, fixation time percentage, and pupil area standard deviation as key eye movement features for workload recognition. A marine navigators’ workload recognition model is developed utilizing the support vector machine (SVM) algorithm, which is subsequently trained and evaluated with experimental data. Results demonstrate a high recognition rate of 90.91% for marine navigators’ workload, indicating the SVM method’s accuracy in workload assessment based on eye movement features. These findings lay the foundation for the advancement of intelligent monitoring systems for marine navigators’ workload and the implementation of human–computer interaction active early warning technology and equipment.

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Text a Bit Longer or Drive Now? Resuming Driving after Texting in Conditionally Automated Cars

In this study, we focus on different strategies drivers use in terms of interleaving between driving and non-driving related tasks (NDRT) while taking back control from automated driving. We conducted two driving simulator experiments to examine how different cognitive demands of texting, priorities, and takeover time budgets affect drivers’ takeover strategies. We also evaluated how different takeover strategies affect takeover performance. We found that the choice of takeover strategy was influenced by the priority and takeover time budget but not by the cognitive demand of the NDRT. The takeover strategy did not have any effect on takeover quality or NDRT engagement but influenced takeover timing.

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Head-mounted eye tracker videos and raw data collected during breathing recognition attempts in in simulated cardiac arrest

Image-Analysis-Based Method for Exploring Factors Influencing the Visual Saliency of Signage in Metro Stations

Inducing visual attention through audiovisual stimuli: Can synchronous sound be a salient event?

Knowing me, knowing you—A study on top-down requirements for compensatory scanning in drivers with homonymous visual field loss

Mediational Affordances at a Science Centre Gallery: An Exploratory and Small Study Using Eye Tracking and Interviews

Online Multimodal End-of-Turn Prediction for Three-party Conversations

Pistol: Pupil invisible supportive tool in the wild

Quantitative Analysis of Physiological and Psychological Impacts of Visual and Auditory Elements in Wuyishan National Park Using Eye-Tracking

Recognition of marine navigators’ workload based on eye movement features using bridge simulation

Text a Bit Longer or Drive Now? Resuming Driving after Texting in Conditionally Automated Cars

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