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Pistol: Pupil invisible supportive tool to extract pupil, iris, eye opening, eye movements, pupil and iris gaze vector, and 2d as well as 3d gaze

This paper describes a feature extraction and gaze estimation software, named Pistol that can be used with Pupil Invisible projects and other eye trackers in the future. In offline mode, our software extracts multiple features from the eye including, the pupil and iris ellipse, eye aperture, pupil vector, iris vector, eye movement types from pupil and iris velocities, marker detection, marker distance, 2D gaze estimation for the pupil center, iris center, pupil vector, and iris vector using Levenberg Marquart fitting and neural networks. The gaze signal is computed in 2D for each eye and each feature separately and for both eyes in 3D also for each feature separately. We hope this software helps other researchers to extract state-of-the-art features for their research out of their recordings. Link: https://es-cloud.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/d/8e2ab8c3fdd444e1a135/?p=%2FPISTOL&mode=list.

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Spatiotemporal coupling of hand and eye movements when using a myoelectric prosthetic hand

Upper limb prosthesis users have disruptions in hand-eye coordination, with increased fixations towards the hand and less visual allocation for feedforward planning. The purpose of this study was to explore whether improved motor planning, as reflected by eye gaze behaviour, was associated with more efficient hand movement patterns. Able-bodied participants wore a simulated prosthesis while performing a functional object movement task. Motion and eye tracking data were collected to quantify the eye gaze and hand movement during object interaction. The results of this study demonstrated that the latency of the eye to precede the hand at pick-up was correlated with measures of hand function, including hand variability, movement units, and grasp time, but not reach time. During transport and release, longer latency to disengage gaze from the grasped object and look ahead towards the target was correlated to hand kinematics of hand variability, distance travelled, and transport time. In addition, the latency of the eye to disengage the drop-off location was correlated to release time. Together these may point to control issues with opening and closing the prosthetic hand. Overall, increased feedforward fixations towards the target and reduced feedback fixations towards the hand were related to improved measures of hand function. Hence, coordination between eye and hand movements when using a myoelectric prosthesis may prove to be a useful metric to assess motor planning.

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Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Non-visual photoreceptors (ipRGCs) and rods both exert a strong influence on the human pupil, yet pupil models regularly use cone-derived sensitivity as their basis. This inconsistency is further exacerbated by the fact that circadian effects can modulate the wavelength sensitivity. We assessed the pupillary reaction to narrowband light stimuli in the mesopic range. Pupil size for eighty-three healthy participants with normal color vision was measured in nine experimental protocols with varying series of continuous or discontinuous light stimuli under Ganzfeld conditions, presented after 90 seconds of dark adaptation. One hundred and fifty series of stimulation were conducted across three experiments, and were analyzed for wavelength-dependency on the normalized pupillary constriction (nPC), conditional on experimental settings and individual traits. Traits were surveyed by questionnaire; color vision was tested by Ishihara plates or the Lanthony D15 test. Data were analyzed with generalized additive mixed models (GAMM). The normalized pupillary constriction response is consistent with L+M-cone derived sensitivity when the series of light stimuli is continuous, i.e., is not interrupted by periods of darkness, but not otherwise. The results also show that a mesopic illuminance weighing led to an overall best prediction of pupillary constriction compared to other types of illuminance measures. IpRGC influence on nPC is not readily apparent from the results. When we explored the interaction of chronotype and time of day on the wavelength dependency, differences consistent with ipRGC influence became apparent. The models indicate that subjects of differing chronotype show a heightened or lowered sensitivity to short wavelengths, depending on their time of preference. IpRGC influence is also seen in the post-illumination pupil reflex if the prior light-stimulus duration is one second. However, shorter wavelengths than expected become more important if the light-stimulus duration is fifteen or thirty seconds. The influence of sex on nPC was present, but showed no interaction with wavelength. Our results help to define the conditions, under which the different wavelength sensitivities in the literature hold up for narrowband light settings. The chronotype effect might signify a mechanism for strengthening the individual´s chronotype. It could also be the result of the participant’s prior exposure to light (light history). Our explorative findings for this effect demand replication in a controlled study.

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Stereoscopic 3D dashboards: An investigation of performance, workload, and gaze behavior during take-overs in semi-autonomous driving

When operating a conditionally automated vehicle, humans occasionally have to take over control. If the driver is out of the loop, a certain amount of time is necessary to gain situation awareness. This work evaluates the potential of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) dashboards for presenting smart S3D take-over-requests (TORs) to support situation assessment. In a driving simulator study with a 4 × 2 between-within design, we presented 3 smart TORs showing the current traffic situation and a baseline TOR in 2D and S3D to 52 participants doing the n-back task. We further investigate if non-standard locations affect the results. Take-over performance indicates that participants looked at and processed the TORs’ visual information and by that, could perform more safe take-overs. S3D warnings in general, as well as warnings appearing at the participants’ focus of attention and warnings at the instrument cluster, performed best. We conclude that visual warnings, presented on an S3D dashboard, can be a valid option to support take-over while not increasing workload. We further discuss participants’ gaze behavior in the context of visual warnings for automotive user interfaces.

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Studying pedestrians crossing behavior during automated vehicle interactions: A Wizard of Oz study

As a substitute for communication with a human driver, additional communication cues for AVs have been proposed [1]. To analyze their effect on traffic flow, preceding studies captured pedestrians´ crossing decision in an unnatural manner, e.g., via data collection devices (e.g., [2]). In this paper, we explored the applicability of two optical tracking systems to capture crossing behavior more naturally in real-world conditions. In a Wizard of Oz study, N = 35 participants encountered a simulated AV. They were instructed to show natural crossing behavior, which was recorded with a light barrier and a SMARTTRACK3/IF. Results showed that both optical tracking systems can be utilized to capture pedestrians´ crossing behavior while interacting with AVs. The light barrier recorded the movement more often validly. Still, the correlation between recordings of both tracking systems was high which indicated a high convergence of measurement results.

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The discussion of the relationship between lighting and music in a lighting show

An experiment based on physiological parameters and subjective emotional changes is designed to analyze the sound-light fusion effects. The different effects caused by music in major and minor keys is studied. Three colorful lighting with main wavelength at 623, 537, 445 nm, respectively, as well as two white lighting with 3000 K CCT and 6000 K CCT are evaluated in the same process. Results show that the physiological response to music is stronger than that of the lighting stimulus. Music plays a major role in the sound-light fusion environment, and the physiological perception under dual-factor stimulation is stronger than that of single factor. Moreover, music and light interact with each other when they stimulate emotions at the same time. The superposition of two positively related factors can strengthen the effects on emotion. The studies may give suggestions to the designers when they design a lighting show with music or an immersive and interactive lighting project.

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The effect of arousal caused by spectators on process and outcome of volleyball serve skill

Background: The Arousal is one of the psychological factors affecting athletes' performance. The most important theory of the relationship between arousal and performance is the inverted-U theory. Despite research in this area, more research is needed on the effects of arousal on cognitive and motor activities. Aims: The purpose of the present research is to investigate the effect of arousal caused by spectators on the process and outcome of decision mking and volleyball serve performance skill. Methods: The research method was quasi-experimental and the sampling method was also available randomly. The population of the study is the volleyball players of Iranian youth and student volleyball national team. A number of 29 players (Mean age=19.62 ± 2.243 years) participated in this research. At first, the players filled out the satisfaction form. At first participants performed decision making test.The decision making task of current study was performance of volleyball serve decision making under arousal conditions caused by spectators. Participants performed 25 decision making situations in baseline and spectators arousal conditions. The visual saccade and fixation data recorded by eye tracker system (Ergoneers Dikablis Eye Tracking System) simultaneously with decision making test performance. Data analyzed with paired-samples t-test. Then the participants performed the volleyball serve performance test (Brady volleyball skill test). The instrument used in the study was high frequency camera Sony cyber shot rx100 iv that used to record the players' performance for biomechanical analysis of serve performance. The tracker software was used to analyze the video performance of players' serve skills. The presence of spectators in the test environment was used to create arousal and also the measurement of athletes' heart rate was used to measure arousal. The subjects performed 10 services and their biomechanical factors included; distance to line, serve height, serve distance to line, landing distance to line and ball speed was recorded by camera. To ensure arousal, their heart rates were measured. Results: The results of the serve performance t-test showed that the arousal caused by the spectators has a significant effect on serve height (P=0.033). Also the result indicated that arousal caused by spectators affected the process and outcome of decision making. Conclusion: Although the decision-making speed of the players increased under the circumstances of the arousal, their decision-making accuracy decreased. Given this, coaches need to provide good training tips in training to improve the decisions made by players. In addition to physical exercise, mental training and decision-making should also be done.

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The Effect of Attention on Quiet Eye Behavior and Accuracy of Execution on a Targeting Task

The purpose of this study was to determine the effect of focusing attention on quiet eye behavior and accuracy of execution on dart throwing skills. For this purpose, 20 male students in dart beginner (age range 19-22 years old) were voluntarily selected. All participants performed external and internal attention instructions in a counterbalanced manner. Thus, Participants first made 10 attempts at baseline (without attentive instructions). Then performed a total of 20 training attempts as counterbalance in both external and internal attention strategies. In all trials, visual system information was recorded using an eye tracking device and the radial error formula was used to measure accuracy. Data were analyzed by repeated measure ANOVA (P=0.05). The results showed that the accuracy of throwing was significantly improved in external attention condition compared to baseline and internal conditions (P=0.001). The results also indicate that the quiet eye period was longer in the external focus condition than in the inner attention condition (P=0.001). According to the results of this study, it can be assumed that quiet eye duration is one of the essential mechanisms in execution accuracy of targeting skill in beginners, and that focusing attention in addition to execution accuracy is also effective on quiet eye duration.

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The effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under stressor

Background: The difference between the performances of Sports Champions more than other times relates to their mental fitness and one of the important factors affecting mental fitness, physical fitness and even performance is Stressor conditions. Given that tDCS provides potential tools for enhancing performance in many areas, there is limited exploration for complex skills. Aims: The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under Stressor. Methods: In this blind randomized control trial with pre-test-post-test research plan and follow-up period of 2, 4 and 6 days, 24 athletes of the Premier League and national sitting volleyball team of the country were selected as a voluntary participation, and they randomly located in 2 groups of TDCS in the DLPFC region and sham stimulation. The task of the current study was the test of the modified Volleyball Service, in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device. The intervention phase was performed on 6 consecutive days, in which the participants performed 10 volleyball services every day after the desired exercises. Post-test phase was performed immediately after the intervention. 48 hours after the post-test phase, the first retention phase, 48 hours after the first retention phase, the pressure test phase and 48 hours after the pressure test phase, the second retention phase which was performed in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device. Results: The results of mixed variance showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on improving service accuracy under normal conditions and pressure test (P<0/01). It also showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on increasing participants' visual attention under normal conditions and pressure testing (P<0/01). Conclusion: In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of tDCS in the DLPFC area in improving performance and visual attention and maintaining performance and visual attention in stressful conditions.

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The Effect of Quiet Eye Training on Decision Making, Gaze Behavior and Tennis Service Skill Learning

Given the importance of cognitive expertise in sports and its relationship with performance and skill level, it is suggested that there is a need to develop training programs to improve cognitive and executive factors that include the basic aspects of the game situation. Therefore, the current study was to examine the effect of quiet eye training on decision making, gaze behavior and tennis service skill learning.In this semi-experimental study, which was performed with a pre-test-post-test design with a 14-day follow-up period, 30 novices male tennis players of Isfahan House with an age range of 20 to 30 were selected and those located in quiet eye training and control groups. In the pre-test phase, the participants performed 12 tennis services, which also measured the participants' gaze behavior during the operation. Participants' service was also recorded by GoPro camera to measure decision making. In addition, participants' performance was recorded by the researcher. Then, the experimental group performed the desired exercises for 8 weeks, 3 sessions per week and 30 minutes per session. During this period, the control group performed their daily activities. At the end of 24 practice sessions, the post-test phase, and two weeks after the last session, the retention phase was performed as the pre-test phase. Data were analyzed by repeated measures analysis of variance.The results showed that quiet eye training have a significant effect on improving decision making, increasing the length of the quiet eye period and increasing the performance of the tennis service (P <0.05). The results of this study support the pre programming hypothesis that the importance of planning and choosing the correct answer.

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Pistol: Pupil invisible supportive tool to extract pupil, iris, eye opening, eye movements, pupil and iris gaze vector, and 2d as well as 3d gaze

Spatiotemporal coupling of hand and eye movements when using a myoelectric prosthetic hand

Spectral dependency of the human pupillary light reflex. Influences of pre-adaptation and chronotype

Stereoscopic 3D dashboards: An investigation of performance, workload, and gaze behavior during take-overs in semi-autonomous driving

Studying pedestrians crossing behavior during automated vehicle interactions: A Wizard of Oz study

The discussion of the relationship between lighting and music in a lighting show

The effect of arousal caused by spectators on process and outcome of volleyball serve skill

The Effect of Attention on Quiet Eye Behavior and Accuracy of Execution on a Targeting Task

The effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under stressor

The Effect of Quiet Eye Training on Decision Making, Gaze Behavior and Tennis Service Skill Learning

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