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Tunnel safety: A pilot study investigating drivers’ fixation characteristics when approaching tunnel entrance at different driving speeds

Year: 2023

Authors: L Qin, DS Yang, YN Weng

This study presents the results of a driving experiment study on spatiotemporal characteristics of drivers’ fixation when entering a tunnel portal with different driving speeds. The study was performed during the daytime in a relatively long tunnel. Six experienced drivers were recruited to participate in the driving experiment. Experimental data of pupil area and fixation point position (from 200 m before the tunnel to the tunnel portal) were collected by non-intrusive eye-tracking equipment for three predetermined vehicle speeds (40 km/h, 60 km/h and 80 km/h). Fixation maps (color-coded maps showing distributed data) were created from fixation point position data to quantify visual behaviour changes. The results demonstrated that vehicle speed has a significant impact on pupil area and fixation zones. Fixation area and average pupil area had a significant negative correlation with vehicle speed during the daytime. Moreover, drivers concentrated more on the tunnel entrance portal, front road pavement and car control wheeling. The results revealed that the relationship between pupil area and vehicle speed fitted an exponential function. Limitations and future directions of the study are also discussed.

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Vehicle Braking Performance and Saccadic Eye Movement with Different Illuminance Transmission Exposures in Digital Driving Simulation

Year: 2023

Authors: A Ahmad,SA Rosli,AH Chen

During driving, the eye moves as we shift the focus of our eye from one point of interest to another point, known as saccadic eye movement. Although the eye movement is not affected under different illuminance conditions during driving, the movement is involved in the ability to drive. This study investigates the correlation between saccadic eye movement and vehicle braking performance when the illuminance transmission was reduced by introducing a neutral density filter in front of the eyes. This is conducted by exposing four levels of illuminance transmission which are 100%, 50%, 30%, and 15% with driving simulation as braking performance is measured. Based on the baseline data from our preceding saccadic investigation on the same subjects using the Dikablis eye tracker, the braking performance is analyzed together with the eye movement data. Twenty-eight young adults with proper license and driving experience, as well as a good history of systemic, ocular, and binocular vision health, are involved in this study. The driving task is conducted via driving simulation, with the subjects instructed to drive naturally. There is no significant correlation between the number of saccadic eye movements and all investigated vehicle braking performances (speed, time, and length) under reduced illuminance transmissions of 30% and 15% (p>0.05). While our previous investigation reveals that the saccadic eye movement is not affected by different illuminance transmissions when driving, this current study concludes that the vehicle braking performance is not correlated with the saccades while driving under those low illuminance exposures.

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Visual Search Strategies in Badminton Serve: Expertise and Performance (Sucess or Failure) Perspective

Year: 2023

Authors: S Song,D Ryu, DW Han

[목적] 본 연구는 배드민턴 서브수행에서 숙련성과 성공유무에 따른 시각탐색 차이를 비교하는데 목적이 있다. [방법] 이를 위하여 배드민턴 숙련자 6명(경력:10년 이상)과 초보자 6명(1년 미만)이 서브과제에 참여하였으며, 모든 연구대상자는 숏 서브 과제를 수행하였다. 서브 과제를 하는 동안 안구움직임 추적 시스템을 착용하여 연구대상자의 안구 움직임을 기록 측정하였으며, 연구대상자의 시선고정시간, 평균 saccade 크기, 시선고정위치에 대한 시각탐색률, 수행직전 마지막 시선고정시간, 시선 엔트로피를 분석하여 배드민턴 숙련성과 서브 성공 유무에 따른 시각탐색의 차이를 살펴보았다. [결과] 첫째, 평균시선고정시간의 경우 숙련성, 성공유무에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, 평균 saccade 크기는 실패 수행에서 saccade 크기가 증가하였으며, 숙련자가 실패 수행 시 더 큰 변화를 나타냈다. 셋째, 시선고정위치에 대한 시각탐색률은 실패 시 전체적인 시각탐색률이 낮아졌으며, 숙련자는 성공 수행 시에 네트와 공간에 대한 시각탐색률이 높은 것으로 나타났다. 넷째, 움직임 직전 마지막 시선고정시간은 숙련자는 초보자보다 성공 수행에서 긴 시선고정시간을 나타냈다. 마지막으로 시선 엔트로피는 성공한 수행 시 보다 큰 시선 엔트로피를 나타냈는데 이것은 다양한 시각정보를 받아들여 수행했을 때 보다 좋은 결과를 나타냈음을 의미한다. [결론] 배드민턴 지도자는 서브를 지도 할 때, 성공적인 서브를 넣기 위해서는 상대의 위치나 외부 환경을 시선고정을 통하여 충분히 인지하고 탐색한 후, 서브를 넣기 직전에는 네트의 흰선 혹은 상대 라켓과 어깨사이에 집중을 하여 성공적인 수행을 할 수 있게 지도 할 필요가 있다. 또한, 이러한 시선고정을 매번 일관되게 지속하는 것보다 상황에 따라서 유동적으로 변화를 시키는 것이 중요하다.

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Where to gaze during take-over: eye gaze strategy analysis of different situation awareness and hazard perception levels

Year: 2023

Authors: W Ding, Y Murzello,S Cao

While autonomous vehicles are being developed for the future of surface transportation, drivers today still need to be prepared for takeover. The objective of this study is to understand the optimal gaze strategy during the take-over process. First, an affine transfer method was used to link the eye tracking coordinates and pre-defined Aera-of-Interests (AOIs) locations. Then, independent t-tests were applied to analyze the relevance between the gaze strategy determined by the gaze time percentages on various AOIs and the Situation Awareness (SA) and Hazard Perception (HP) levels. The results showed that drivers with higher SA used different gaze strategies before and after they detected the hazards, while drivers with higher HP kept focusing on the center of the road. Explanations and implications of take-over request design are discussed.

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4 versions available

A multimodal psychological, physiological and behavioural dataset for human emotions in driving tasks

Year: 2022

Authors: W Li, R Tan,Y Xing,G Li,S Li, G Zeng, P Wang

Human emotions are integral to daily tasks, and driving is now a typical daily task. Creating a multi-modal human emotion dataset in driving tasks is an essential step in human emotion studies. we conducted three experiments to collect multimodal psychological, physiological and behavioural dataset for human emotions (PPB-Emo). In Experiment I, 27 participants were recruited, the in-depth interview method was employed to explore the driver’s viewpoints on driving scenarios that induce different emotions. For Experiment II, 409 participants were recruited, a questionnaire survey was conducted to obtain driving scenarios information that induces human drivers to produce specific emotions, and the results were used as the basis for selecting video-audio stimulus materials. In Experiment III, 40 participants were recruited, and the psychological data and physiological data, as well as their behavioural data were collected of all participants in 280 times driving tasks. The PPB-Emo dataset will largely support the analysis of human emotion in driving tasks. Moreover, The PPB-Emo dataset will also benefit human emotion research in other daily tasks.

Eye Tracking Glasses
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10 versions available

A QE Study on Golf Putting

Year: 2022

Authors: S Song, DW Han

[목적] QE는 주요 움직임 직전에 나타나는 시선고정시간이다. QE는 숙련자가 운동기술을 사용할 때 나타나는 특징을 가지고 있다. 본 연구의 목적은 골프 퍼팅에서의 QE 원인을 규명하고 초보자에게 퍼팅 수행 향상을 위한 연습 방법을 제시하는 것이다. [방법] 연구대상자(n=30)는 통제, QE, 시각차단 집단으로 각각 10명씩 무선 배정하였고 집단 별 연습 방법에 따라 2 일간 골프 퍼팅 연습을 하였다. 24시간 후 골프 퍼팅에 대한 파지검사와 연구대상자간의 경쟁 시합을 하였고 집단과 기간에 따라 퍼팅 점수, QE, 스윙시간, 후두엽의 알파파워를 산출하여 비교 분석하였다. [결과] 첫째, 세 집단 모두 사전보다 파지, 경쟁에서 퍼팅 점수가 높아진 것으로 나타났다. 특히 QE집단은 통제집단보다 높은 퍼팅 점수를 보이며 통계적으로 유의한 차이가 나타났다. 그러나 시각차단 집단은 두 집단과의 차이가 나타나지 않았다. 둘째, QE집단은 사전보다 파지, 경쟁에서 QE가 통계적으로 길어지는 것으로 나타났다. 그리고 통제집단은 사전보다 경쟁에서 QE가 다소 길어지는 경향을 보였다. 그러나 시각차단 집단은 기간에 따라 QE의 변화가 나타나지 않았다. 셋째, 세 집단 모두 기간이 지남에 따라 스윙시간이 유의하게 길어졌다. 넷째, 후두엽의 알파파워는 집단과 기간에 따라 유의한 차이가 나타나지 않았다. [결론] 시각차단 집단은 자세가 안정적이게 변함에 불구하고 QE는 길어지지 않았으나, 눈을 뜨고 연습한 QE집단은 QE가 길어졌고 통제집단도 QE가 길어지는 경향을 보였다. 그러므로 QE는 자세 조절 보다 시각에 의한 인지적 처리로 해석 할 수 있다. 마지막으로 본 연구를 통해 골프 퍼팅 초보자에게 QE연습이 보다 효율적인 연습방법임을 증명하였다.

Eye Tracking Glasses
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A state of the art and scoping review of embodied information behavior in shared, co-present extended reality experiences

Year: 2022

Authors: K Hays, A Barrera,L Ogbadu

We present a state of the art and scoping review of the literature to examine embodied information behaviors, as reflected in shared gaze interactions, within co-present extended reality experiences. Recent proliferation of consumer-grade head-mounted XR displays, situated at multiple points along the Reality-Virtuality Continuum, has increased their application in social, collaborative, and analytical scenarios that utilize data and information at multiple scales. Shared gaze represents a modality for synchronous interaction in these scenarios, yet there is a lack of understanding of the implementation of shared eye gaze within co-present extended reality contexts. We use gaze behaviors as a proxy to examine embodied information behaviors. This review examines the application of eye tracking technology to facilitate interaction in multiuser XR by sharing a user’s gaze, identifies salient themes within existing research since 2013 in this context, and identifies patterns within these themes relevant to embodied information behavior in XR. We review a corpus of 50 research papers that investigate the application of shared gaze and gaze tracking in XR generated using the SALSA framework and searches in multiple databases. The publications were reviewed for study characteristics, technology types, use scenarios, and task types. We construct a state-of-the field and highlight opportunities for innovation and challenges for future research directions.

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6 versions available

A study of the challenges of eye tracking systems and gaze interaction for individuals with motor disabilities

Year: 2022

Authors: L Huang, C Xu,T Westin,J Dupire, F Le Lièvre

Eye tracking systems are crucial methods by which motor disabled people can interact with computers. Previous research in this field has identified various accessibility affecting eye tracking technologies and applications. However, there is limited research into first-hand user experiences among individuals with motor disabilities. This study aims to examine the actual challenges with eye tracking systems and the gaze interaction faced by motor disabled people. A survey was conducted among people with motor disabilities who used eye trackers for computer interactions. It reveals the current issues from their first-hand experiences in three areas: eye tracking program, gaze interaction, and accessible applications. A knowledge graph arising from the survey delineates the connections among the eye tracking usability issues. The survey’s results also indicate practical strategies for future improvements in eye trackers.

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5 versions available

Age Differences in the Situation Awareness and Takeover Performance in a Semi-Autonomous Vehicle Simulator

Year: 2022

Authors: Y Murzello

Research on young and elderly drivers indicates a high crash risk amongst these drivers in comparison to other age groups of drivers. Young drivers have a greater propensity to adopt a risky driving style and behaviors associated with poor road safety. On the other hand, age-related declines can negatively impact the performance of older drivers on the road leading to crashes and risky maneuvers. Thus, autonomous vehicles have been suggested to improve the road safety and mobility of younger and older drivers. However, the difficulty of manually taking over control from semi-autonomous vehicles might vary in different driving conditions, particularly in those that are more challenging. Hence, the present study aims to examine the effect of road geometry and scenario, by investigating young, middle-aged and older drivers’ situation awareness (SA) and takeover performance when driving a semi-autonomous vehicle simulator on a straight versus a curved road on a highway and an urban non-highway road when engaged in a secondary distracting task. Due to the impact of COVID-19, data from only the young (n=24) and middle-aged (n=24) adults were collected and analyzed. Participants drove a Level 3 semi-autonomous simulator vehicle and performed a secondary non-driving related task in the distracted conditions. The results indicated that the participants had significantly longer hazard perception times on the curved roads and autopilot drives, but there was no significant effect of driver age and road type. Their Situation Awareness Global Assessment Technique (SAGAT) scores were higher in the highway scenarios, on the straight roads, and in the manual drive compared to the autopilot with distraction drive. Young drivers were also found to have significantly higher SAGAT scores than middle-aged drivers. While there was a significant interaction effect between road type and road geometry on takeover time, there was no significant main effect of road geometry, drive type and driver’s age. For the takeover quality metrics, road geometry and drive type had an effect on takeover performance. The resulting acceleration was higher for the straight road and in the autopilot drives, and the lane deviation was higher on the curved road and autopilot only drive compared to the autopilot with distraction drive. There was no significant main effect of road type and driver’s age on resulting acceleration and lane deviation. Overall, while there were age differences in some aspects of SA, young and middle-aged drivers did not differ in their takeover performance. The participants’ SA was impacted by the road type and geometry and their takeover quality varied according to the road geometry and drive type. The outcomes of this research will aid vehicle manufacturing companies that are developing Level 3 semi-autonomous vehicles with appropriately designing the lead time of the takeover request to meet the driving style and abilities of younger and middle-aged drivers. This will also help to improve road safety by reducing the crash rate of younger drivers.

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Analyzing Korean Reading Course and Designing Education-A Focus on Learner’s Eye-Tracking Analysis

Year: 2022

Authors: SN Min, J Im,M Subramaniyam

The purpose of this study is to propose a model for designing reading education that can improve reading ability by finding and linguistically analyzing how the reading ability required for reading comprehension is presented at each learner level. In this study, the eye-tracking experiment was conducted divided into lexical and sentence levels which are the stage of comprehension corresponding to the sub-element of the reading comprehension, and the results are as follows. First, at the lexical level, it was confirmed that cognitive speed differs depending on the degree of preservation of the base form of the conjugations of the predicates with the same base form. Second, at the sentence level, we confirmed that the unstable reading-comprehension process appeared in the complex compared to the short sentence, even if the sentence length, vocabulary level, and vocabulary were similar and in the case of that the sentence has the same meaning. This paper suggests that the spelling, vocabulary, conjugation, grammar knowledge that correspond to the lower level should be included as the elements of education.

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