UX Analysis

Ergonomic design of the gauge cluster display for commercial trucks

Objective: The purpose of this study is to determine the priority of information presentation and the effective menu type to be placed in the center of a gauge cluster display for commercial trucks and to present a set of ergonomic designs for the gauge cluster display. Background: An effective ergonomic design is specifically needed for the development of the gauge cluster display for the commercial trucks, because more diverse and heavier information is delivered to truck drivers, compared to the information to passenger car drivers. Method: First, all the information that must be shown on the commercial truck display was collected. Then, the severity, frequency of use, and display design parameters were evaluated for those information by commercial truck drivers. Next, an analysis on the information attributes and the heuristic evaluation utilizing the display design principles were carried out. According to the results, a design alternative of the main screen to be displayed was constructed by priority. A comparative analysis between the alternative and existing main screens was also conducted to see the efficacy of the designs. Lastly, we conducted an experiment for the selection of menu type. The experiment was conducted using the driving simulator with an eye-tracking device. The independent variables were four types of the menu reflecting the commercial truck characteristics such as grid type, icon type, list type, and flow type. We measured preference, total execution time, the total duration of fixation on the gauge cluster area, and the total number of fixation on the gauge cluster area as dependent variables. Results: Four types of driver convenience information and six types of driver assistance information were selected as the information to be placed primarily on the main screen of the gauge cluster. The Grid type was the most effective among the menu types. Conclusion: In this study, the information that appears on the main screen of the display, the division of the display and the design of the menu type for commercial truck drivers were suggested. Application: This study is expected to be utilized as guidelines on the ergonomic design of a gauge cluster display for commercial trucks.

4 versions available

Evaluation of a radio tuning task on Android while driving

We implemented the AAM reference radio tuning procedure with some modifications for Android and tested it against a hardware radio on a tablet and on a smartphone. The used measurement methods involved an AAM track with driving metrics and eye tracking, a Lane Change Test (LCT) and occlusion testing. The metrics are reported and compared. The glance metrics seem to be potentially influenced by a carry-over effect from a training task toward longer glance durations. Nevertheless, the results are promising for further testing and validation experiments. Due to the easy setup, more uniform hardware (Android tablet) and a procedure without experimenter announcements, the open source application could be a valuable tool in experiments.

4 versions available

Evaluation of observers’ sensitivity to lens distortion discrepancies in stereoscopic moving pictures

One potential factor of distorted stereoscopic perception of a 3D movie may be slightly different lens aberrations between the two lenses of the stereoscopic camera. We considered typical lens distortions discrepancies of several stereoscopic camera types ranging from cine to small action cameras. The determination of a detection threshold of different groups of observers with respect to gender, stereoscopic ability, media affinity, etc. was a main research topic. In one of our subjective assessments we used a gaze tracking system by which the eye movement of the observers could be roughly determined. We found out that image texture and content-driven gaze sequence had a strong impact on observer's detection of stereoscopic aberrations. Minimal lens distortion discrepancy was already detected by at least 15.4% of the participants. The number of irritation statements increased with the magnitude of discrepancy. Observers showed highest sensitivity in still images or smooth camera travelling presenting many simple geometric objects. Still, up to 29% of the participants seemed to be quite immune against lens distortion discrepancies in spite of good stereo acuity as proven in Randot Stereo Vision test.

2 versions available

Excuse: Robust pupil detection in real-world scenarios

The reliable estimation of the pupil position is one the most important prerequisites in gaze-based HMI applications. Despite the rich landscape of image-based methods for pupil extraction, tracking the pupil in real-world images is highly challenging due to variations in the environment (e.g. changing illumination conditions, reflection, etc.), in the eye physiology or due to variations related to further sources of noise (e.g., contact lenses or mascara). We present a novel algorithm for robust pupil detection in real-world scenarios, which is based on edge filtering and oriented histograms calculated via the Angular Integral Projection Function. The evaluation on over 38,000 new, hand-labeled eye images from real-world tasks and 600 images from related work showed an outstanding robustness of our algorithm in comparison to the state-of-the-art.

2 versions available

Exploiting the potential of eye movements analysis in the driving context

Driving is a complex and highly visual task. With the development of high-end eyetracking devices, numerous studies over the last two decades have investigated eye movements of the driver to identify deficits in visual search patterns and to derive assistive, informative, and entertainment systems. However, little is known about the visual behavior during autonomous driving, where the driver can be involved in other tasks but still has to remain attentive in order to be able to resume control of the vehicle. This work aims at exploiting the potential of eye movement analysis in the autonomous driving context. In a pilot study, we investigated whether the type of the secondary task in which the driver is involved, can be recognized solely from the eye movement parameters of the driver. Furthermore, we will discuss several applications of eye movement analysis to future autonomous driving approaches, e.g., to automatically detect whether the driver is being attentive and – when required – to guide her visual attention towards the driving task.

3 versions available

Eye glance analysis of the surrogate tests for driver distraction

The purpose of this study was to examine the eye glance patterns of Detection Response Tasks (DRTs) for assessment of driver distraction during simulated driving. Several types of DRTs across visual, tactile and haptic modalities were used to investigate driver distraction by the ISO Driving Distraction working group. As part of the working group, we conducted a simulated driving study examining driver performance while engaging the primary driving task with visual-manual or auditory-verbal secondary tasks. Results of eye glance analysis showed that the visual DRTs increased visual load in driving more than the tactile DRT. Subsequently, the visual DRTs marginally increased the total glance time for forward view by 6.27 seconds and significantly increased the detection response time by 135.79 ms than the tactile DRT. As for the secondary tasks, the visual-manual secondary task yielded significantly longer total eye-off-the-road time (effect size = 50.75 ms), as well as DRT response times than the auditory-verbal ones time (effect size = 55.85 ms). This study allowed us to examine the relationships between rated situational awareness, DRT performance, and glance patterns, yielding insights into the relationship between objective task performance measures and subjective ratings.

10 versions available

Eye movement synthesis with 1/

Eye movements are an essential part of non-verbal behavior. Non-player characters (NPCs), as they occur in many games, communicate with the player through dialogues and non-verbal behavior and can have a strong influence on the player experience or even on gameplay. In this paper we propose a procedural model to synthesize the subtleties of eye motions. More specifically, our model adds microsaccadic jitter and pupil unrest both modeled by 1/ f or pink noise to the standard main sequence. In a perceptual two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) experiment we explore the perceived naturalness of different parameters of pink noise by comparing synthesized motions to rendered motion of recorded eye movements at extreme close shot and close shot distances. Our results show that, on average, data-driven motion is perceived as most natural, followed by parameterized pink noise, with motion lacking microsaccadic jitter being consistently selected as the least natural in appearance.

Eye Tracking Glasses

Software

2 versions available

Eye movement synthesis with 1/f pink noise

Eye movements are an essential part of non-verbal behavior. Non-player characters (NPCs), as they occur in many games, communicate with the player through dialogues and non-verbal behavior and can have a strong influence on the player experience or even on gameplay. In this paper we propose a procedural model to synthesize the subtleties of eye motions. More specifically, our model adds microsaccadic jitter and pupil unrest both modeled by 1/ f or pink noise to the standard main sequence. In a perceptual two-alternative forced-choice (2AFC) experiment we explore the perceived naturalness of different parameters of pink noise by comparing synthesized motions to rendered motion of recorded eye movements at extreme close shot and close shot distances. Our results show that, on average, data-driven motion is perceived as most natural, followed by parameterized pink noise, with motion lacking microsaccadic jitter being consistently selected as the least natural in appearance.

2 versions available

Eye tracking and gaze interface design for pervasive displays

The integration of pervasive displays in public, semi-public, and private spaces has created opportunities for ambient information dissemination, public engagement, and interactive experiences. Eye tracking technology offers a novel approach to interacting with these displays by enabling gaze-based input. This dissertation investigates the design and implementation of gaze interfaces for pervasive displays, with the aim of enhancing user experience and interaction efficiency. Through a series of studies, the research explores the technical challenges, usability aspects, and potential applications of eye tracking in various display contexts. The findings provide valuable insights into the feasibility and effectiveness of gaze-based interaction, paving the way for innovative applications in digital signage, smart environments, and beyond.

1 version available:

Eye Tracking Devices to Combat Distracted Driving

Distracted driving has become an issue that occurs on a national scale. Particularly, in the state of California, which houses numerous motorists, distracted driving has a higher probability to occur. Regardless of location, distracted driving is becoming a growing and popular topic of discussion in public policy due to the dangers associated with it and the potential deadly effects it can have on the lives of many. For such reasons it is a noteworthy issue to be addressed. Many individuals may be familiar with the concept, to some degree, and the hazards that are involved, however, this epidemic continues to be ever-growing. As efforts have been made to deter the action of distracted driving through legal interventions, such efforts are not producing satisfactory results as statistical findings illustrate that the numbers of citations being issued to the public by law enforcement and traffic collisions are increasing year by year since the passing of the distracted driving laws. Additionally, the current laws only apply to a portion of some forms of distracted driving while other forms of it continue to be legal. This study will enlighten the reader of other forms of distracted driving, the frequency at which it occurs and the devastation it incurs. This study will also raise the question if California’s current method of combating this issue is deemed effective and propose an alternative to more effectively address the issue. While some motorists recognize and respect the dangers associated with distracted driving and do not engage in the activity, too many other individuals do not hold such regard for it and continue in their practices. Regardless, there must be a new approach in addressing this issue using eye tracking technology integrated for automobiles as a tool to ensure that all motorists, regardless of outlying factors, avoid the activity and incorporate responsible driving habits in order to better preserve the lives of all individuals.

1 version available:

Publication Hub Archive

Ergonomic design of the gauge cluster display for commercial trucks

Evaluation of a radio tuning task on Android while driving

Evaluation of observers’ sensitivity to lens distortion discrepancies in stereoscopic moving pictures

Excuse: Robust pupil detection in real-world scenarios

Exploiting the potential of eye movements analysis in the driving context

Eye glance analysis of the surrogate tests for driver distraction

Eye movement synthesis with 1/

Eye movement synthesis with 1/f pink noise

Eye tracking and gaze interface design for pervasive displays

Eye Tracking Devices to Combat Distracted Driving