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Total results: 588

Multi-dimensional and objective assessment of motion sickness susceptibility based on machine learning

Year: 2022

Authors: C Li, Z Zhang, Y Liu, T Zhang, X Zhang, H Wang

Background: As human transportation, recreation, and production methods change, the impact of motion sickness (MS) on humans is becoming more prominent. The susceptibility of people to MS can be accurately assessed, which will allow ordinary people to choose comfortable transportation and entertainment and prevent people susceptible to MS from entering provocative environments. This is valuable for maintaining public health and the safety of tasks. Objective: To develop an objective multi-dimensional MS susceptibility assessment model based on physiological indicators that objectively reflect the severity of MS and provide a reference for improving the existing MS susceptibility assessment methods. Methods: MS was induced in 51 participants using the Coriolis acceleration stimulation. Some portable equipment were used to digitize the typical clinical manifestations of MS and explore the correlations between them and Graybiel's diagnostic criteria. Based on significant objective parameters and selected machine learning (ML) algorithms, several MS susceptibility assessment models were developed, and their performances were compared. Results: Gastric electrical activity, facial skin color, skin temperature, and nystagmus are related to the severity of MS. Among the ML assessment models based on these variables, the support vector machine classifier had the best performance with an accuracy of 88.24%, sensitivity of 91.43%, and specificity of 81.25%. Conclusion: The severity of symptoms and signs of MS can be objectively quantified using some indicators. Multi-dimensional and objective assessment models for MS susceptibility based on ML can be successfully established.

5 versions available

Multi-modal user experience evaluation on in-vehicle HMI systems using eye-tracking, facial expression, and finger-tracking for the smart cockpit

Year: 2022

Authors: W Li, Y Wu, G Zeng,F Ren, M Tang

The trend toward intelligent connected vehicles (ICVs) led to numerous more novel and more natural human-vehicle relationships, which will bring about tremendous changes in smart cockpit functions and interaction methods. However, most in-vehicle human-machine interaction (HMI) systems focus on adding more functions, while few of them focus on the user experience (UX) of the system. This study presents an evaluation method of UX based on eye-tracking, finger movement tracking, and facial expression, the study also proposed a pleasantness prediction based on multi-layer perception (MLP) algorithm using multi-modal data. Through the UX experiment on two in-vehicle HMI systems, the study verified that the proposed evaluation method can be objective and efficient to evaluate the in-vehicle HMI system. Based on the MLP algorithm, the study trained the pleasantness prediction model using multi-modal data. Besides, we collected new data of the third in-vehicle HMI system to test the trained model and presented excellent test results.

7 versions available

Multimodal natural human–computer interfaces for computer-aided design: A review paper

Year: 2022

Authors: H Niu,C Van Leeuwen,J Hao, G Wang,T Lachmann

Computer-aided design (CAD) systems have advanced to become a critical tool in product design. Nevertheless, they still primarily rely on the traditional mouse and keyboard interface. This limits the naturalness and intuitiveness of the 3D modeling process. Recently, a multimodal human–computer interface (HCI) has been proposed as the next-generation interaction paradigm. Widening the use of a multimodal HCI provides new opportunities for realizing natural interactions in 3D modeling. In this study, we conducted a literature review of a multimodal HCI for CAD to summarize the state-of-the-art research and establish a solid foundation for future research. We explore and categorize the requirements for natural HCIs and discuss paradigms for their implementation in CAD. Following this, factors to evaluate the system performance and user experience of a natural HCI are summarized and analyzed. We conclude by discussing challenges and key research directions for a natural HCI in product design to inspire future studies.

6 versions available

Pedestrians’ Understanding of a Fully Autonomous Vehicle’s Intent to Stop: Utilizing Video-based Crossing Scenarios

Year: 2022

Authors: M Hochman,Y Parmet,T Oron

Background. External human-machine interfaces (eHMI) indicate Fully Autonomous Vehicles' (FAVs) intents, contributing to their communication with pedestrians. We still do not know enough about how eHMI propositions lead pedestrians to comply in conflicting situations. Objective. Findings on fixed crossing scenes suggest that pedestrians' decision-making depends on the eHMI implementation and the 'vehicle's distance from the crossing. We aim to enhance this work, looking at dynamic crossing situations. Method. Thirty-four adult participants observed 56 road-crossing video scenarios as if they were pedestrians intending to cross. A single FAV drove at 40 km/h. Scenarios differed by car size, eHMI message type, and the FAV's initial distance from the crossing place. Participants had to decide whether to cross or not by pressing designated buttons. Following each scenario, their subjective Understanding of the FAV's intention was obtained. Decision measurements and eye-tracking data were collected. Results. Eye-tracking data confirmed that all pedestrians fixated on the eHMI, yet only 53% of the responses were compatible with its proposition. More incompatible responses were observed for the close distance. An interaction between distance and eHMI proposition revealed that when the eHMI indicated participants to cross, and the FAV's initial location was close, most participants decided not to cross. Distance influenced participants' response time; pedestrians decided faster in the closer distance. Overall, subjective Understanding of the FAV's intention was low. Conclusion. Using video-based scenarios, we showed the combined effect of context and eHMI meaning on pedestrians' crossing decisions. Relative to fixed scenes, pedestrians were more conservative and relied less on the eHMI suggestions. Interactions of distance and message meaning affected compatibility and response time. Even when pedestrians understood the eHMI message, they did not necessarily comply. Distance of the vehicle from the crossing place influenced the crossing decision, as it does today.

1 version available:

Pistol: Pupil invisible supportive tool to extract pupil, iris, eye opening, eye movements, pupil and iris gaze vector, and 2d as well as 3d gaze

Year: 2022

Authors: W Fuhl,D Weber,S Eivazi

This paper describes a feature extraction and gaze estimation software, named Pistol that can be used with Pupil Invisible projects and other eye trackers in the future. In offline mode, our software extracts multiple features from the eye including, the pupil and iris ellipse, eye aperture, pupil vector, iris vector, eye movement types from pupil and iris velocities, marker detection, marker distance, 2D gaze estimation for the pupil center, iris center, pupil vector, and iris vector using Levenberg Marquart fitting and neural networks. The gaze signal is computed in 2D for each eye and each feature separately and for both eyes in 3D also for each feature separately. We hope this software helps other researchers to extract state-of-the-art features for their research out of their recordings. Link: https://es-cloud.cs.uni-tuebingen.de/d/8e2ab8c3fdd444e1a135/?p=%2FPISTOL&mode=list.

6 versions available

Practicing Badminton Serve with the Absence of Visual Feedback.

Year: 2022

Authors: J Carboch, D Ďurčo, ZS Marion, Physical Activity Review

Introduction: The server in a badminton match is partly constrained by the accuracy of the outcome of his serves unless the opponent lets the shuttlecock impact the ground. Because the opponent hits the ball before the impact, the server has very limited feedback about the short serve accuracy. The short serve should be aimed as close as possible to the short service line. The practice can differ from the match conditions, as the serve is usually performed with various accuracy. Aim of Study: The aim is to find out if limiting the visual feedback affects the serve outcome in a badminton practice. Material and Methods: Ten competitive badminton players (29.4±5.7 years) with badminton experience of 10.4±3.9 years took part in the study. Altogether, each participant served 80 backhand short serves (20 with occlusion, 20 without occlusion, 20 without occlusion, followed by 20 with occlusion) on the court. Occlusion glasses blocked the server’s vision in the moment of racket-shuttlecock impact. The shuttlecock impact on the court was recorded with the video camera and analyzed in Kinovea software. Results: The results showed a significant difference between the accuracy of serves without the occlusion (27.6±9.9 cm) compared to the visual occlusion (32.2±12.5 cm); t(9)=2.43, p≤0.05, d=0.43. Conclusion: Visual feedback has a significant effect on the backhand short serve accuracy. Visual constrain of the serve outcome reduced the accuracy of the serves. In a practice match, the receiver could sometimes randomly let the shuttlecock impact the ground to provide feedback to the server.

1 version available:

Spatiotemporal coupling of hand and eye movements when using a myoelectric prosthetic hand

Year: 2022

Authors: KY Cheng,CS Chapman

Upper limb prosthesis users have disruptions in hand-eye coordination, with increased fixations towards the hand and less visual allocation for feedforward planning. The purpose of this study was to explore whether improved motor planning, as reflected by eye gaze behaviour, was associated with more efficient hand movement patterns. Able-bodied participants wore a simulated prosthesis while performing a functional object movement task. Motion and eye tracking data were collected to quantify the eye gaze and hand movement during object interaction. The results of this study demonstrated that the latency of the eye to precede the hand at pick-up was correlated with measures of hand function, including hand variability, movement units, and grasp time, but not reach time. During transport and release, longer latency to disengage gaze from the grasped object and look ahead towards the target was correlated to hand kinematics of hand variability, distance travelled, and transport time. In addition, the latency of the eye to disengage the drop-off location was correlated to release time. Together these may point to control issues with opening and closing the prosthetic hand. Overall, increased feedforward fixations towards the target and reduced feedback fixations towards the hand were related to improved measures of hand function. Hence, coordination between eye and hand movements when using a myoelectric prosthesis may prove to be a useful metric to assess motor planning.

4 versions available

Stereoscopic 3D dashboards: An investigation of performance, workload, and gaze behavior during take-overs in semi-autonomous driving

Year: 2022

Authors: F Weidner,W Broll

When operating a conditionally automated vehicle, humans occasionally have to take over control. If the driver is out of the loop, a certain amount of time is necessary to gain situation awareness. This work evaluates the potential of stereoscopic 3D (S3D) dashboards for presenting smart S3D take-over-requests (TORs) to support situation assessment. In a driving simulator study with a 4 × 2 between-within design, we presented 3 smart TORs showing the current traffic situation and a baseline TOR in 2D and S3D to 52 participants doing the n-back task. We further investigate if non-standard locations affect the results. Take-over performance indicates that participants looked at and processed the TORs’ visual information and by that, could perform more safe take-overs. S3D warnings in general, as well as warnings appearing at the participants’ focus of attention and warnings at the instrument cluster, performed best. We conclude that visual warnings, presented on an S3D dashboard, can be a valid option to support take-over while not increasing workload. We further discuss participants’ gaze behavior in the context of visual warnings for automotive user interfaces.

8 versions available

Studying pedestrians crossing behavior during automated vehicle interactions: A Wizard of Oz study

Year: 2022

Authors: J Bindschädel,A Kiesel

As a substitute for communication with a human driver, additional communication cues for AVs have been proposed [1]. To analyze their effect on traffic flow, preceding studies captured pedestrians´ crossing decision in an unnatural manner, e.g., via data collection devices (e.g., [2]). In this paper, we explored the applicability of two optical tracking systems to capture crossing behavior more naturally in real-world conditions. In a Wizard of Oz study, N = 35 participants encountered a simulated AV. They were instructed to show natural crossing behavior, which was recorded with a light barrier and a SMARTTRACK3/IF. Results showed that both optical tracking systems can be utilized to capture pedestrians´ crossing behavior while interacting with AVs. The light barrier recorded the movement more often validly. Still, the correlation between recordings of both tracking systems was high which indicated a high convergence of measurement results.

1 version available:

The effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under stressor

Year: 2022

Authors: R Rostami

Background: The difference between the performances of Sports Champions more than other times relates to their mental fitness and one of the important factors affecting mental fitness, physical fitness and even performance is Stressor conditions. Given that tDCS provides potential tools for enhancing performance in many areas, there is limited exploration for complex skills. Aims: The aim of this study was evaluate the effect of direct transcranial electrical stimulation (tDCS) in the DLPFC area on performance and visual attention of sitting volleyball players under Stressor. Methods: In this blind randomized control trial with pre-test-post-test research plan and follow-up period of 2, 4 and 6 days, 24 athletes of the Premier League and national sitting volleyball team of the country were selected as a voluntary participation, and they randomly located in 2 groups of TDCS in the DLPFC region and sham stimulation. The task of the current study was the test of the modified Volleyball Service, in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device. The intervention phase was performed on 6 consecutive days, in which the participants performed 10 volleyball services every day after the desired exercises. Post-test phase was performed immediately after the intervention. 48 hours after the post-test phase, the first retention phase, 48 hours after the first retention phase, the pressure test phase and 48 hours after the pressure test phase, the second retention phase which was performed in which the participants performed 10 attempts in the pre-test, which visual attention were recorded using the eye tracking device. Results: The results of mixed variance showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on improving service accuracy under normal conditions and pressure test (P<0/01). It also showed that tDCS exercises in DLPFC area have a significant effect on increasing participants' visual attention under normal conditions and pressure testing (P<0/01). Conclusion: In general, the results of the current study emphasize the importance of tDCS in the DLPFC area in improving performance and visual attention and maintaining performance and visual attention in stressful conditions.

3 versions available