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Eye movements and human-computer interaction

Gaze provides an attractive input channel for human-computer interaction because of its capability to convey the focus of interest. Gaze input allows people with severe disabilities to communicate with eyes alone. The advances in eye tracking technology and its reduced cost make it an increasingly interesting option to be added to the conventional modalities in everyday applications. For example, gaze-aware games can enhance the gaming experience by providing timely effects at the right location, knowing exactly where the player is focusing at each moment. However, using gaze both as a viewing organ as well as a control method poses some challenges. In this chapter, we will give an introduction to using gaze as an input method. We will show how to use gaze as an explicit control method and how to exploit it subtly in the background as an additional information channel. We will summarize research on the application of different types of eye movements in interaction and present research-based design guidelines for coping with typical challenges. We will also discuss the role of gaze in multimodal, pervasive and mobile interfaces and contemplate with ideas for future developments.

4 versions available

Eye Movements Behaviour in Reading Different Text Sizes among University Students

Reading efficiency is one of the main concerns among the teachers, publishers, and also eye care practitioners. The size of the text was among factor that might affect the reading. The eye movement behaviour was studied in six different text legibility. The saccades and fixation were recorded and tracked among twenty-five university students. Significant changes in eye movements behaviour in term of saccades and fixations occurred when the university students read passages with different text legibility. The eye movements behaviour was able to adapt to the changes in shape, and size of presented reading materials for better understanding of reading.

8 versions available

Eye movements in vehicle control

Measuring gaze behaviour is useful to understand the cognitive processes involved in vehicle control and to test new assistance technology. Most of the research on eye movements in vehicle control was conducted in the context of road traffic and will therefore be focused on in this chapter. In the following, we will first introduce the driving task and outline how the eye-tracking methodology can be used to get insights into the cognitive processes that guide driving behaviour. Furthermore, we will highlight important classical findings and recent developments in the field of eye movements in driving. These include eye movements during basic vehicle control tasks like steering, driving manoeuvres and detecting hazards in the road environment. Additionally, factors influencing task performance (e.g., effects of visual distraction, workload, fatigue, driving experience, and aging) that can be observed by applying the eye-tracking method will be introduced. Conducting an eye-tracking study in the driving context often takes place in complex and highly dynamic environments. Therefore, in the last part of this chapter, we will give a practical guideline of what is important in order to study eye movements in the context of vehicle control including an overview of the most commonly used parameters to describe gaze behaviour in the context of driving. We will sum up this introductory chapter with an outline for future research on the topic of eye movements in vehicle control.

5 versions available

Eye tracking in the wild: Piloting a real-life assessment paradigm for older adults

Previous research showed associations between personality traits and eye movements of young adults in the laboratory. However, less is known about these associations in real life and in older age. Primarily, there seems to be no paradigm to assess eye movements of older adults in real life. The present feasibility study thus aimed to test grocery shopping as a real-life assessment paradigm with older adults. Additionally, possible links between personality traits and eye movements were explored. The sample consisted of 38 older individuals (M = 72.85 years). Participants did their grocery shopping in a supermarket while wearing an eye tracker. Three key feasibility issues were examined, that is (1) wearability of the eye tracker during grocery shopping, (2) recording, and (3) evaluation of eye movements in a real-life context. Our real-life assessment paradigm showed to be feasible to implement and acceptable to older adults. This feasibility study provides specific practical recommendations which may be useful for future studies that plan to innovatively expand the traditional methods repertoire of personality science and aging research by using eye tracking in real life.

10 versions available

Feasibility of Three Head Mounted Eye-Tracker in Anesthesia: A Feasibility Study

Many studies use eye-tracker to analyse the socio-technical system, also in medical research. Only a few articles describe the use of eye-tracker to examine human-computer interaction in a critical care environment, especially in the field of anaesthesia or surgery. Therefore, we have tested in a feasibility study head-mounted eye-tracker of three different manufactures in a simulated anesthesia surrounding with mankind patient simulators. The research question was to analyse whether the field scene camera of the eye-tracker can be used in the light conditions and changes in brightness of the operating room. In addition, it was tested whether the eye-tracker was still calibrated and held on the subject’s head during the resuscitation movement. All eye-trackers tested had a good adaptation on changing light or changing distances.

5 versions available

From lab-based studies to eye-tracking in virtual and real worlds: conceptual and methodological problems and solutions

Symposium Organizer: Dr. R.S. Hessels Experimental Psychology, Helmholtz Institute, Utrecht University, the Netherlands Summary Wearable mobile eye trackers have great potential as they allow the measurement of eye movements during daily activities such as driving, navigating the world and doing groceries. Although mobile eye trackers have been around for some time (e.g. Land & Lee, 1994; Pelz & Canosa, 2001), developing and operating these eye trackers was generally a highly technical affair. As such, mobile eye-tracking research was not feasible for most labs. Nowadays, many mobile eye trackers are available from eye-tracking manufacturers (e.g. Tobii, Pupil labs, SMI, Ergoneers) and various implementations in virtual/augmented reality have recently been released. The wide availability has caused the number of publications using a mobile eye tracker to increase quickly. Mobile eye tracking is now applied in vision science, educational science, developmental psychology, marketing research (using virtual and real supermarkets), clinical psychology, usability, architecture, medicine, and more. Yet, transitioning from lab-based studies where eye trackers are fixed to the world to studies where eye trackers are fixed to the head presents researchers with a number of problems. These problems range from the conceptual frameworks used in world-fixed and head-fixed eye tracking and how they relate to each other, to the lack of data quality comparisons and field tests of the different mobile eye trackers and how the gaze signal can be classified or mapped to the visual stimulus. Such problems need to be addressed in order to understand how world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research can be compared and to understand the full potential and limits of what mobile eye-tracking can deliver. In this symposium, we bring together presenting researchers from five different institutions (Lund University, Utrecht University, Clemson University, Birkbeck University of London and Rochester Institute of Technology) addressing problems and innovative solutions across the entire breadth of mobile eye-tracking research. Hessels et al. present data on the definitions of fixations and saccades held by researchers in the eye-movement field and argue how they need to be clarified in order to allow comparisons between world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research. Diaz et al. introduce machine-learning techniques for classifying the gaze signal in mobile eye-tracking contexts where head and body are unrestrained. Niehorster et al. compare data quality of mobile eye trackers during natural behavior and discuss the application range of these eye trackers. Duchowski et al. introduce a method for automatically mapping gaze to faces using computer vision techniques and Haensel et al. present a novel data-driven method for statistical analysis of mobile eye-tracking data in a dyadic social interaction study. Finally, Pelz et al. employ state-of-the-art techniques to map fixations to objects of interest in the scene video and align grasp and eye-movement data in the same reference frame to investigate the guidance of eye movements during manual interaction. The six presentations in this symposium provide both novel directions for researchers who have already been active in mobile eye-tracking research, and a comprehensive foundation for researchers considering a transition into mobile eye tracking in virtual and real worlds in the near future.

1 version available:

From lab-based studies to eye-tracking in virtual and real worlds: conceptual and methodological problems and solutions. Symposium 4 at the 20th European …

Wearable mobile eye trackers have great potential as they allow the measurement of eye movements during daily activities such as driving, navigating the world and doing groceries. Although mobile eye trackers have been around for some time, developing and operating these eye trackers was generally a highly technical affair. As such, mobile eye-tracking research was not feasible for most labs. Nowadays, many mobile eye trackers are available from eye-tracking manufacturers (e.g. Tobii, Pupil labs, SMI, Ergoneers) and various implementations in virtual/augmented reality have recently been released.The wide availability has caused the number of publications using a mobile eye tracker to increase quickly. Mobile eye tracking is now applied in vision science, educational science, developmental psychology, marketing research (using virtual and real supermarkets), clinical psychology, usability, architecture, medicine, and more. Yet, transitioning from lab-based studies where eye trackers are fixed to the world to studies where eye trackers are fixed to the head presents researchers with a number of problems. These problems range from the conceptual frameworks used in world-fixed and head-fixed eye tracking and how they relate to each other, to the lack of data quality comparisons and field tests of the different mobile eye trackers and how the gaze signal can be classified or mapped to the visual stimulus. Such problems need to be addressed in order to understand how world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research can be compared and to understand the full potential and limits of what mobile eye-tracking can deliver. In this symposium, we bring together presenting researchers from five different institutions (Lund University, Utrecht University, Clemson University, Birkbeck University of London and Rochester Institute of Technology) addressing problems and innovative solutions across the entire breadth of mobile eye-tracking research. Hooge, presenting Hessels et al. paper, focus on the definitions of fixations and saccades held by researchers in the eyemovement field and argue how they need to be clarified in order to allow comparisons between world-fixed and head-fixed eye-tracking research. - Diaz et al. introduce machine-learning techniques for classifying the gaze signal in mobile eye-tracking contexts where head and body are unrestrained. Niehorster et al. compare data quality of mobile eye trackers during natural behavior and discuss the application range of these eye trackers. Duchowski et al. introduce a method for automatically mapping gaze to faces using computer vision techniques. Pelz et al. employ state-of-the-art techniques to map fixations to objects of interest in the scene video and align grasp and eye-movement data in the same reference frame to investigate the guidance of eye movements during manual interaction.

8 versions available

Full Reviewed Paper at ICSA 2019

Augmented reality has the potential to connect people anywhere, anytime, and provide them with interactive virtual objects that enhance their lives. To deliver contextually appropriate audio for these experiences, a much greater understanding of how users will interact with augmented content and each other is needed. This contribution presents a system for evaluating human behavior and augmented reality device performance in calibrated synthesized environments. The system consists of a spherical loudspeaker array capable of spatial audio reproduction in a noise isolated and acoustically dampened room. The space is equipped with motion capture systems that track listener position, orientation, and eye gaze direction in temporal synchrony with audio playback and capture to allow for interactive control over the acoustic environment. In addition to spatial audio content from the loudspeaker array, supplementary virtual objects can be presented to listeners using motion-tracked unoccluding headphones. The system facilitates a wide array of studies relating to augmented reality research including communication ecology, spatial hearing, room acoustics, and device performance. System applications and configuration, calibration, processing, and validation routines are presented.

4 versions available

Gaze behavior in basketball free throws developed in constant and variable practice

There are a limited number of studies focusing on the mechanisms explaining why variable practice gives an advantage in a novel situation and constant practice in performance in trained conditions. We hypothesized that this may be due to the different gaze behavior that is developed under different conditions. Twenty participants, randomly assigned to two different groups, practiced basketball free throws for three consecutive days, performing 100 throws per day. The constant group (n = 10) practiced at a free throw distance (4.57 m) only. The variable practice group (n = 10) randomly performed 20 shots per five throw distances (3.35, 3.96, 4.57, 5.18, and 5.79 m) on each day, also accumulating 100 shots per day. We analyzed the total gaze fixation duration, a number of fixations, and the average fixation duration on a basketball rim in a pretest and posttest at the 4.57 m distance. We computed a linear mixed model with test (pretest–posttest), group (constant–variable), and test × group interaction in order to analyze the total fixation duration and number of fixations. The average fixation duration was analyzed with a repeated measure two-way ANOVA, with practice conditions as a between-participants factor and test type as a within-participants factor. We found that the total fixation duration increased significantly in the posttest, regardless of the practice conditions (p < 0.001, effect size = 0.504). The number of fixations also increased significantly in the posttest (p = 0.037, effect size = 0.246). The average fixation duration increased in both groups; however, insignificantly. We also did not find any significant differences between groups. Our results suggest that variable and constant practice conditions may lead to the development of similar gaze behavior.

11 versions available

Hazard Detection among Young and Experienced Drivers via Driving Simulator

Hazard perception test (HPT) is one of a common task in perceiving hazard among drivers. Many countries have been adopting this method to assess an individual’s driving competency in order to acquire driving licenses. Computer-based assessment was a common method widely used to carry out the HPT. Previous hazard perception studies using Malaysian samples reported mixed findings on the effectivity of reaction time-based HPT. Dissimilar with the common method, this study employed a full-size cabin driving simulator to study hazard perception, focussing on hazards detection between two groups of drivers: young and experienced. Results from 28 (15 young, 13 experienced) drivers indicated that young drivers detected hazards faster than their experienced counterparts, even though both groups have the same performance of hazard recognition. Correlational analysis revealed that driving frequency may be a factor contributing to the difference in response time between these two groups. Further analysis also indicates that different road environments contribute to different hazard perception performance.

2 versions available

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