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Total results: 510

Using eye tracking to support professional learning in vision-intensive professions: a case of aviation pilots

Year: 2024

Authors: R Hämäläinen,B De Wever, K Sipiläinen

In an authentic flight simulator, the instructor is traditionally located behind the learner and is thus unable to observe the pilot’s visual attention (i.e. gaze behavior). The focus of this article is visual attention in relation to pilots’ professional learning in an Airbus A320 Full Flight Simulator. For this purpose, we measured and analyzed pilots’ visual scanning behavior during flight simulation-based training. Eye-tracking data were collected from the participants (N = 15 pilots in training) to objectively and non-intrusively study their visual attention behavior. First, we derived and compared the visual scanning patterns. The descriptive statistics revealed the pilots’ visual scanning paths and whether they followed the expected flight protocol. Second, we developed a procedure to automate the analysis. Specifically, a Hidden Markov model (HMM) was used to automatically capture the actual phases of pilots’ visual scanning. The advantage of this technique is that it is not bound to manual assessment based on graphs or descriptive data. In addition, different scanning patterns can be revealed in authentic learning situations where gaze behavior is not known in advance. Our results illustrate that HMM can provide a complementary approach to descriptive statistics. Implications for future research are discussed, including how artificial intelligence in education could benefit from the HMM approach.

Simulator
Software

2 versions available

Visual recognition analysis of optically long tunnels: interaction of dynamic vision and visual perception

Year: 2024

Authors: H Zheng, S Rasouli, Z Du

To understand the relation between the geometric design of optically long tunnels and visibility of the exit area, in this study oculomotor (eye movement) data are collected from several drivers in Yunnan Province, China, and drivers’ fixation rate and saccade amplitude in the visible zone of the tunnel are measured as key indicators. The driver’s visual recognition is analyzed and key elements in the optimal design of the exit points of optically long tunnels are discussed. The results show that visual recognition is closely associated with the radius of the road curvature: as the radius of curve decreases, the visual focus is gradually attracted to the inner side of the curve, the proportion of small-angle saccade increases, and the dispersion of the saccade amplitude decreases.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

5 versions available

VR-Based Technologies: Improving Safety Training Effectiveness for a Heterogeneous Workforce from a Physiological Perspective

Year: 2024

Authors: S Xu, M Sun, Y Kong, W Fang

The enhancement of construction safety performance heavily relies on effective safety training. While virtual reality (VR) technologies have been utilized to improve construction safety training programs, the extent and mechanisms of improvement brought by VR remain unexplored. This study provided explanations on how the effectiveness of VR-based safety training for a heterogeneous workforce was achieved by investigating two mechanisms, namely embodied cognition and emotion arousal, from the physiological perspective. Randomized controlled experiments were conducted with three forms of safety training, namely paper-based training, VR-based learning, and VR-based experiencing, for both novice learners (NPs) and learners with prior knowledge (PPs). Digital eye-tracking and physiological devices and measurements were used to collect objective data. The results revealed better hazard recognition performance in both VR-based learning and VR-based experiencing groups than that in paper-based training groups. The results also revealed that VR-based learning was more effective for NPs than for PPs in acquiring safety knowledge, but VR-based experiencing was more effective for PPs than for NPs in stimulation of emotions. This means that the NPs benefit more from embodied cognition provided by the immersive environment of VR-based learning, and the PPs would be trained better with emotional arousal from the thrill of VR-based experiencing. The discovered mechanisms of embodied cognition and emotion arousal shed light on the underlying processes that contribute to the positive outcomes and promotion of VR-based training.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

1 version available:

Word frequency and cognitive effort in turns-at-talk: turn structure affects processing load in natural conversation

Year: 2024

Authors: C Rühlemann,M Barthel

Frequency distributions are known to widely affect psycholinguistic processes. The effects of word frequency in turns-at-talk, the nucleus of social action in conversation, have, by contrast, been largely neglected. This study probes into this gap by applying corpus-linguistic methods on the conversational component of the British National Corpus (BNC) and the Freiburg Multimodal Interaction Corpus (FreMIC). The latter includes continuous pupil size measures of participants of the recorded conversations, allowing for a systematic investigation of patterns in the contained speech and language on the one hand and their relation to concurrent processing costs they may incur in speakers and recipients on the other hand. We test a first hypothesis in this vein, analyzing whether word frequency distributions within turns-at-talk are correlated with interlocutors' processing effort during the production and reception of these turns. Turns are found to generally show a regular distribution pattern of word frequency, with highly frequent words in turn-initial positions, mid-range frequency words in turn-medial positions, and low-frequency words in turn-final positions. Speakers' pupil size is found to tend to increase during the course of a turn at talk, reaching a climax toward the turn end. Notably, the observed decrease in word frequency within turns is inversely correlated with the observed increase in pupil size in speakers, but not in recipients, with steeper decreases in word frequency going along with steeper increases in pupil size in speakers. We discuss the implications of these findings for theories of speech processing, turn structure, and information packaging. Crucially, we propose that the intensification of processing effort in speakers during a turn at talk is owed to an informational climax, which entails a progression from high-frequency, low-information words through intermediate levels to low-frequency, high-information words. At least in English conversation, interlocutors seem to make use of this pattern as one way to achieve efficiency in conversational interaction, creating a regularly recurring distribution of processing load across speaking turns, which aids smooth turn transitions, content prediction, and effective information transfer.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

5 versions available

A comprehensive study of human factors, sensory principles, and commercial solutions for future human-centered working operations in industry 5.0

Year: 2023

Authors: E Loizaga,AT Eyam,L Bastida

The purpose of this study is to explore the measurement of human factors in the workplace that can provide critical insights into workers’ well-being. Human factors refer to physical, cognitive, and psychological states that can impact the efficiency, effectiveness, and mental health of workers. The article identifies six human factors that are particularly crucial in today’s workplaces: physical fatigue, attention, mental workload, stress, trust, and emotional state. Each of these factors alters the human physiological response in a unique way, affecting the human brain, cardiovascular, electrodermal, muscular, respiratory, and ocular reactions. This paper provides an overview of these human factors and their specific influence on psycho-physiological responses, along with suitable technologies to measure them in working environments and the currently available commercial solutions to do so. By understanding the importance of these human factors, employers can make informed decisions to create a better work environment that leads to improved worker well-being and productivity.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

3 versions available

A novel end-to-end dual-camera system for eye gaze synchrony assessment in face-to-face interaction

Year: 2023

Authors: M Thorsson, MA Galazka, J Åsberg Johnels

Quantification of face-to-face interaction can provide highly relevant information in cognitive and psychological science research. Current commercial glint-dependent solutions suffer from several disadvantages and limitations when applied in face-to-face interaction, including data loss, parallax errors, the inconvenience and distracting effect of wearables, and/or the need for several cameras to capture each person. Here we present a novel eye-tracking solution, consisting of a dual-camera system used in conjunction with an individually optimized deep learning approach that aims to overcome some of these limitations. Our data show that this system can accurately classify gaze location within different areas of the face of two interlocutors, and capture subtle differences in interpersonal gaze synchrony between two individuals during a (semi-)naturalistic face-to-face interaction.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

6 versions available

A study of the cognitive process of pedestrian avoidance behavior based on synchronous EEG and eye movement detection

Year: 2023

Authors: S Tang, J Wang, W Liu, Y Tian, Z Ma, G He, H Yang

Pedestrian avoidance behavior often occurs in underground public spaces that connect urban rail transit and commercial complexes. This study proposes a co-monitoring method based on eye movement and electroencephalogram (EEG) to study pedestrian avoidance behavior in a real environment, taking the underground public space of the commercial complex of the Luoxiong Road railway station in Wuhan City as an experimental site. It is found that pedestrian avoidance behavior is influenced by both personal and environmental factors. The pedestrian avoidance behavior is a comprehensive response to the evaded person and the current environment. The personal factors mainly affect the pedestrian avoidance mode, while the environmental factors mainly affect the frequency of avoidance behavior. Avoidance patterns are related to the tendency of Chinese pedestrians to walk right, and the frequency of avoidance behavior is related to the complexity of the intersection of pedestrian walking routes within the environment, so avoidance behavior can be reduced by using spaces with good spatial connectivity in the design of underground public spaces. These findings provide theoretical support and data supplement for future environmental design optimization of underground public spaces.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

10 versions available

A Tool to Assist in the Analysis of Gaze Patterns in Upper Limb Prosthetic Use

Year: 2023

Authors: P Kyberd, AF Popa, T Cojean

Gaze-tracking, where the point of regard of a subject is mapped onto the image of the scene the subject sees, can be employed to study the visual attention of the users of prosthetic hands. It can show whether the user pays greater attention to the actions of their prosthetic hand as they use it to perform manipulation tasks, compared with the general population. Conventional analysis of the video data requires a human operator to identify the key areas of interest in every frame of the video data. Computer vision techniques can assist with this process, but fully automatic systems require large training sets. Prosthetic investigations tend to be limited in numbers. However, if the assessment task is well-controlled, it is possible to make a much simpler system that uses the initial input from an operator to identify the areas of interest and then the computer tracks the objects throughout the task. The tool described here employs colour separation and edge detection on images of the visual field to identify the objects to be tracked. To simplify the computer’s task further, this test uses the Southampton Hand Assessment Procedure (SHAP) to define the activity spatially and temporarily, reducing the search space for the computer. The work reported here concerns the development of a software tool capable of identifying and tracking the points of regard and areas of interest throughout an activity with minimum human operator input. Gaze was successfully tracked for fourteen unimpaired subjects and was compared with the gaze of four users of myoelectric hands. The SHAP cutting task is described and the differences in attention observed with a greater number of shorter fixations by the prosthesis users compared to unimpaired subjects. There was less looking ahead to the next phase of the task by the prosthesis users.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

8 versions available

An analysis of the methodology and validation of the design and presentation of stimulus materials for eye-tracking experiments

Year: 2023

Authors: M Wang, Z Zhu, Z Zhang

Purpose, eye-tracking experimental method is gradually becoming a research hotspot for designing towards intelligence because of its ability to objectively reflect the visual perception process of the subjects. In order to enhance the rationality of the intelligent use of eye-tracking experimental method in the field of design, and to help solve the problem of the lack of a systematic approach to the design of stimulus materials in eye-tracking experiments, the corresponding theoretical model is proposed and verified in practice. Methods, relevant literature in the field of combining eye-tracking instrument and intelligent design at home and abroad is collected and organised, hierarchical relationships are sorted out, theoretical models are constructed, and eye-tracking experiments of China's underground signs are used as an example to verify the reliability of the method model. Conclusion, the design method of stimulus materials for eye movement experiments with experimental purpose as the guide and dimension division as the means is proposed, which provides certain case support for the formation of systematic theory for the intelligent design of stimulus materials in the future, and helps the researchers to be able to accurately carry out the design of stimulus materials based on the purpose of the research when carrying out the eye movement experiments, and better promotes the development of eye movement experimental method in the field of artificial intelligence, and achieves the perfect integration of science and technology and life.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Software

1 version available:

An end-to-end review of gaze estimation and its interactive applications on handheld mobile devices

Year: 2023

Authors: Y Lei,S He,M Khamis,J Ye

In recent years, we have witnessed an increasing number of interactive systems on handheld mobile devices which utilise gaze as a single or complementary interaction modality. This trend is driven by the enhanced computational power of these devices, higher resolution and capacity of their cameras, and improved gaze estimation accuracy obtained from advanced machine learning techniques, especially in deep learning. As the literature is fast progressing, there is a pressing need to review the state-of-the-art, delineate the boundary, and identify the key research challenges and opportunities in gaze estimation and interaction. This article aims to serve this purpose by presenting an end-to-end holistic view in this area, from gaze capturing sensors, to gaze estimation workflows, to deep learning techniques, and to gaze interactive applications.

Eye Tracking Glasses
Simulator

10 versions available